






:r.r. 





















































































































































































































































N. 









READER 

FOR NEW AMERICANS 

BOOK ONE 


BY 

JOHN A. LONG 

DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, CHICAGO 
FORMERLY PRINCIPAL OF THE HAMMOND 
EVENING SCHOOL, CHICAGO 




AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 

NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 

BOSTON ATLANTA 















Copyright, 1923 

By AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
All rights reserved 

Reader for New Americans, Bk. One 


e. p. 1 


MADE IN U. S. A. 


JUL -5 *23 

©C1A711096 


-VVIP I 



V) 

iN 

0 " 


- 

V 9 

PREFACE 

Teaching adults to speak, read, and write the English 
language is not the same as teaching English-speaking 
children to read and write a language they already speak. 
While the method is much the same as the child uses when 
he learns to speak, a close association of the word with the 
object it represents, the matter is wholly different. Adults, 
no matter what language they speak, have adult interests, 
and must, therefore, have adult matter placed before them; 
or, if it is the same matter as that placed before children, 
it must be viewed from the adult standpoint. 

Another difference between children and adults is the 
rapidity with which the adult advances. He does not need 
the continuous repetition and constant review of subject 
matter that the child does. His interests and experiences 
are already organized, and he needs only the English terms 
with which to express them. 

Book One of the Reader for New Americans attempts to 
give to the student the English of the everyday experiences 
of ordinary adult life. It is in two Parts. Part One deals 
with those experiences that gather closely about the individ¬ 
ual and the home. Part Two deals with the experiences 
of the larger community with which the adult is surrounded. 

The reading of Book One ought to give to the learner a 
knowledge of the English language sufficient to enable him 
to read those lessons in American history and American 
government which are essential to intelligent American 
citizenship. 


3 


CONTENTS 


PART ONE 

PAGE 

Myself.11 

What I Have.12 

The Family.13 

Having and Doing.14 

What I Can Do.15 

The Schoolroom.16 

In the Schoolroom.19 

What We Wear.20 

Clothing.21 

Money.22 

A Review.23 

Action.24 

Seeing and Doing.25 

Talking.26 

Christopher Columbus.27 

Questions.28 

The Family.30 

Foods.32 

Cooking.33 

Joints.34 

Action.35 

Where.35 

Day and Night. 37 

Washing.38 


4 












CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Meals ..3 9 

Days of the Week.40 

Vegetables. 4I 

Colors # 42 

Questions and Answers.42 

Nursery Rimes.44 

Sewing.45 

Dishes.46 

The House.48 

The Months . 49 

The Grocery.50 

The Meat Market.51 

The Book.52 

Questions and Answers.53 

The Iceman.54 

The Pilgrims.56 

The Milkman.57 

Baking.58 

Fruits.59 

Counting.60 

The Doctor.61 

The Postman.63 

Letters . . . 64 

The Bathroom.65 

The Drygoods Store.66 

Measuring.67 

Ironing.68 

Mending.68 

The Street Cleaner.70 

The Blacksmith. 7 ° 

The Tailor. 7 1 

Poultry. 7 2 

Nursery Rimes. 73 


5 










CONTENTS 


The Flag 

Time .... 
Garbage .... 
A Talk with the Doctor 
The Carpenter 
The Blind Man 
The Painter . 

The Shoemaker 
The Park 
The Plasterer 
The Street Car 
The Plumber . 

Be Clean 
Be Careful 
The Policeman 
The Fireman . ... 

Holidays .... 
America .... 


PAGE 

74 

75 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83 

84 
86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 
94 
96 


PART TWO 

The New Year.97 

Heating our Houses. 98 

Mining Coal.99 

Lighting our Houses. 101 

Lighting the Streets.102 

The Cow.103 

Dairies.104 

The Horse.105 

Stone. 108 

The Drugstore.109 

The Bakery .no 

Automobiles.. . . .111 

The Earth. 112 


0 



















CONTENTS 


PAGE 

A Tailor Shop.113 

The Laundry.114 

The Farmer.115 

The Hardware Store.116 

Glass . . . . . . . . . . .117 

The Poles of the Earth.118 

Gardens and Orchards . . 119 

Restaurants.. . .120 

Trees. .121 

Hospitals.122 

The City of Washington.123 

Hotels.124 

Corn Fields.125 

Street Cars and Elevated Trains.126 

Land and Water.127 

Bones of the Body.128 

Fables.129 

Coffee.130 

Sugar.131 

Wheat, Oats, and Hay.132 

Shoe Factories.133 

Market Gardens.134 

Muscles and Skin . 135 

The United States.136 

School Doctors and Nurses.137 

Banks.138 

Mills.140 

Food, Air, and Blood.141 

The City Council.142 

Sheep Ranches.143 

The Mayor ..144 

Teeth. J 45 

Newspapers.. • .146 


7 










CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Cotton. 147 

Mountains and Rivers of the United States . . . 148 

Cotton Cloth . 149 

Streets and Boulevards.15° 

City Sewers.15 1 

Wool and Linen Cloth.152 

Cities of the United States.153 

The Governor.154 

State Legislatures.155 

The Police Department.156 

Prunes, Raisins, and Dates.157 

The Parks of the City.158 

Tea.159 

The Telephone.160 

Congress.161 

The President.162 

The Post Office Department.162 

Independence Day.165 

The Liberty Bell.166 

Silk.167 

The Hare and the Tortoise.168 

The Wind and the Sun.168 

Memorial Day.169 

Abraham Lincoln, the Boy.170 

Abraham Lincoln, the Young Man.171 

Abraham Lincoln, the President.172 

The Building Department.174 

Want Ads.175 

The Fire Department.176 

Public Schools.176 

Signs You See on the Street.179 

The Public Library.180 

The Department of Health.180 


8 











CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Packing Houses.182 

Bananas and Oranges.183 

Writing a Letter.184 

An Ax to Grind.185 

Gold and Silver.186 

Salt.187 

Rice.187 

Lumbering.188 

Iron ............ 190 

Largest in the World.191 

Father Is Coming (Poem).194 

George Washington.195 

Lead, Tin, and Copper.198 

George Washington and His Hatchet . . . .199 

Taxes.199 

Feathers, Fur, and Clothing.200 

Railroad Trains.201 

Ocean Steamers.202 

City Courts. 203 

Voting.204 

Potatoes and Tobacco.205 

Clouds.206 

Insects . . . 207 

Fishes.209 

Oysters.210 

Liquids and Solids.211 

Names of Young Animals.211 

The Sun, Moon, and Stars.212 

Cranberries. 2I 3 

Peanuts. 2I 3 

States of the United States.214 

Abbreviations. • • • *215 

The Ant and the Grasshopper . . . . . .216 

9 










CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Occupations . 216 

Ponce de Leon.218 

Balboa.218 

De Soto.219 

Squanto.219 

Subtraction.220 

Multiplication.221 

Possession.222 

The Elephant.223 

The Star-Spangled Banner.224 


Spelling Lessons 

Pages, 11, 15, 18, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39, 
40, 41, 42, 43 , 46, 47 , 48, 49 , 54 , 55 , 56, 57 , 59 , 61, 62, 63, 65, 
66, 68, 69, 71, 74, 76, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 92, 100, 101, 102, 107, 
108, 117, 119, 120, 139, 164, 167. 

Language Exercises 

Pages, 31, 32, 42, 53 , 60, 62, 85, 87, 92, 93, 95, 175, 176, 221. 

Lessons about Numbers 

Pages, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28, 36, 43, 60, 75, 83, 85, 93, 220, 221. 


10 











READER FOR 
NEW AMERICANS 

BOOK ONE —PART ONE 


MYSELF 


Hand 

This is my hand. 

Arm 

This is my arm. 

Hair 

This is my hair. 
Thumb 

This is my thumb. 

Foot 
This is my foot. 
Fingers 

These are my fingers. 
Lips 

These are my lips. 
Teeth 

These are my teeth 



Head 

This is my head. 
Nose 

This is my nose. 
Mouth 

This is my mouth. 
Tongue 

This is my tongue. 
Chin 

This is my chin. 

Eyes 

These are my eyes. 
Ears 

These are my ears. 
Cheeks 

These are my cheeks. 


hand 

head 

thumb 

tongue 

arm 

nose 

foot 

chin 

hair 

mouth 

fingers 

eyes 

lips 

teeth 

ears 

cheek 


n 







WHAT I HAVE 


I have two hands. 


I have one nose. 

These are my hands. 


This i§ my nose. 

I have fingers. 


I have a mouth. 

These are my fingers. 


This is my mouth. 

I have one tongue. 


I have a chin. 

This is my tongue. 


This is my chin. 

I have two eyes. 


I have two feet. 

These are my eyes. 


These are my feet. 

I have two legs. 


I have two lips. 

These are my legs. 


These are my lips. 

I have hair on my head. 

I have many teeth. 

This is my hair. 


These are my teeth. 

I have a face. 


I have two cheeks. 

This is my face. 


These are my cheeks. 

I have two arms. 


I have two ears. 

These are my arms. 


These are my ears. 

One hand 

One tongue 

One leg 

Two hands 

Two tongues 

Two legs 

One finger 

One eye 

One hair 

Two fingers 

Two eyes 

Many hairs 

One nose 

One ear 

One foot 

Two noses 

Two ears 

Two feet 

One mouth 

One lip 

One tooth 

Two mouths 

Two lips 

Many teeth 

One chin 

One cheek 

One face 

Two chins 

Two cheeks 

Two faces 

One 

arm Two 

arms 

I have 

my one two 

face 

many i 

2 


12 


THE FAMILY 


Woman 

This is a woman. 
Girl 

This is a girl. 
Family 

This is a family. 

The man is the father of the family. 

The woman is the mother of the family. 

The boy is a child. The girl is a child. 

The baby is a child. 

The boy and the girl and the baby are the children. 

The father, the mother, and the children are the family. 

Two men. Two women. Two children. 



A man is a person. A woman is a person. 

A child is a person. 

Men, women, and children are people. 


One man. 
Two men. 
One boy. 
Two boys. 


One woman. 
Two women. 
One girl. 
Two girls. 


One child. 
Two children. 
One baby. 
Two babies. 


family father mother 

I have two eyes. 

I have two ears. 

The boy has two feet. 

I have two boys in my family. 

I have three children in my family. 

!3 


person people 

I see with my eyes. 

I hear with my ears. 

I walk with my feet. 







HAVING 

I have two eyes. 

A man has two ears. 

I have a nose. 

A boy has a mouth. 

A girl has a tongue. 

A woman has two lips. 

A man has many teeth. 

I have four fingers. 

A man has two feet. 

A boy has two legs. 

He runs with his feet. 

I see with my eyes. 

He hears with his ears. 

I smell with my nose. 

He eats with his mouth. 

I smell with my. 

I taste with my.. 

I talk with my. 

and. 

I feel with my. 

I stand on my.. 

I walk with my. 

and. 

I chew with my. 

I run with my. 

and. 

A man sees with his eyes. 

A woman sees with her eyes. 
A boy eats with his mouth. 
A girl eats with her mouth. 
i4 


AND DOING 

f 

She tastes with her tongue. 

She talks with her lips and 
tongue. 

He chews with his teeth. 

I feel with my fingers. 

He stands on his feet. 

He walks with his feet and 
legs. 

I see the teacher. 

He hears the teacher talk. 

I take things with my 
fingers. 













WHAT I CAN DO 


I see. I hear. 

I eat. 

I talk. 

He sees. He hears.* 

He eats. He talks. 

She sees. She hears. 

She eats. She talks. 

I smell. 

I taste. 

I chew. 

A man smells. 

A girl tastes. 

A boy chews. 

I stand. 

I walk. 


I run. 

A woman stands. 

A man 

walks. 

A boy runs. 

I take things. 



with 

The man takes things. 


the teacher 

one 

two three 

four 

1 

2 

3 

4 


Spelling 


• nose 

this 

smell 

teacher 

noses 

these 

smells 

my 

mouth 

my 

eat 

he 

mouths 

I 

eats 

his 

tongue 

one 

taste 

she 

tongues 

two 

tastes 

her 

foot 

three 

talk 

have 

feet 

four 

talks 

give 

tooth 

see 

walk 

five 

teeth 

sees 

walks 

drive 

finger 

hear 

run 

chew 

fingers 

hears 

runs 

child 


1 one 

6 six 



2 two 

7 seven 



3 three 

8 eight 



4 four 

9 nine 



5 five 

10 ten 



i5 



THE SCHOOLROOM 

This is a schoolroom. There are desks in a schoolroom. 
There are seats behind the desks. I sit on one of the seats 
and I put my book on one of the desks. The man be¬ 
hind me sits on one of the seats and puts his book on one 
of the desks. 

♦ 

The woman in front of me sits on one of the seats and 
puts her book on one of the desks. 

The top of the room is the ceiling. The ceiling of the 
room is above our heads. 

Our feet are on the floor of the room. We came in at 
the door. We go out at the door. 

The windows are on the side of the room. 

The schoolroom has four walls. On the walls of the room 
are the blackboards. The teacher writes on the black¬ 
boards. 

She writes on the blackboards with chalk. We write 
on the blackboard with chalk. The chalk makes white 
letters on the blackboard. 

We write on paper at our desks. We write with a pen¬ 
cil on the paper. The pencil makes black letters on the 
white paper. 

16 


/ 
























sit 

behind 

top of the room 

put 

in front of 

side of the room 

write 

I put 

we write on paper 

come 

he puts 

she writes on paper 

makes 

go out 

makes letters 

irn to spell these words: — 


schoolroom ceiling 

blackboards 

desks 

floor 

chalk 

seats 

walls 

paper 

book 

door 

white 

pencil 

windows 

black 


The desks in the schoolroom are in rows. Can you count 
the rows of desks in the room? One, two, three, four, 
five, six. There are six rows of desks in the schoolroom. 
The men and women in the school sit in rows. There are 
six rows of people in the school. 

This is the first row. The next row is the second row. 
The next is the third row. The next is the fourth row. 
The next is the fifth row. The next is the sixth row. The 
sixth row is the last row. 

Can you count the desks in one row? One, two, three, , 
four, five, six, seven, eight. There are eight desks in one 
row. There are eight people in one row in the schoolroom. 

The teacher sits on a chair in front of us. She writes 
on a table. 


row 

people 

can you 

count? 

next 

last 

one 

two 

three 

four 

five six 

seven 

eight 

1 

2 

3 

4 

S 6 

7 

8 

first 

second 

third 

fourth 

fifth 

sixth 

1 st 

2 nd 

3 rd 

4 th 

5 th 

6 th 


Long I — 2 


*7 


Spelling 


schoolroom 
school 
room 
desk 
desks 
seat 
seats 
book 
books 
floor 
floors 
door 
doors 
side 
sides 
window 

Sit on the seats. 

Write on the desk. 

Seats behind the desk. 

Desks in front of seats. 


chalk 

third 

make 

3rd 

white 

fourth 

black 

4th 

under 

fifth 

row 

5 th 

rows 

sixth 

can 

6 th 

you 

next 

count 

last 

people 

chair 

five 

table 

six 

wall 

seven 

walls 

eight 

write 

first 

writes 


Come in at the door. 

Go out at the door. 
Ceiling above our heads. 
Floor under our feet. 


blackboard 

blackboards 

letter 

letters 

paper 

pencil 

pencils 

there are 

behind 

sit 

put 

puts 

in front 

top 

above 

come 


hand 

chin 

hands 

chins 

arm 

eye 

arms 

eyes 

hair 

ear 

hairs 

ears 

thumb 

lip 

thumbs 

lips 

head 

cheek 

heads 

cheeks 


have 

chew 

man 

chews 

woman 

feel 

boy 

feels 

gW. 

take 

has 

takes 

on 

thing 

face 

things 

faces 

stand 

many 

stands 


18 


IN THE SCHOOLROOM 


Do you sit on a seat in the schoolroom, or on a chair? 

I sit on a.in the schoolroom. 

Does the teacher sit on a seat, or on a chair? 

The teacher sits on a. 

Do you write on a desk in the schoolroom, or on a table? 
I write on a. 

Does the teacher write on a desk, or on a table? 

The teacher writes on a. 

Where do you put your books in the schoolroom ? 

We put our books on the.before us. 

Do the men and women sit in rows in the schoolroom? 
Yes, we all sit in rows. 

Do you sit in the first row? 


I am sitting in the.row. 

Do I? I do. 

Do you? You do. 

Does he? He does. 

Does she? She does. 


I sit in the first row. 

I am sitting in the first row. 

Where do I sit? 

He sits in the first row. 

He is sitting in the first row. 

Where does he sit? 

I am writing in my book. 

The teacher is writing in his book. 
What is the teacher writing? 

He is writing our names. 

He writes all our names in his book. 

19 








WHAT WE WEAR 

i 



A man wears a hat on his head. A woman wears a hat 
on her head. This boy is wearing a cap. The baby has a 
hood on its head. A man wears a coat. The coat is made 
of cloth. A man’s coat has two sleeves. The sleeves are on 
the man’s arms. There are pockets in the man’s coat. 

A woman wears a dress. Her dress is made of cloth. 
The dress is a waist and skirt. There are sleeves in the 
Woman’s waist. The woman’s arms are in the sleeves of 
her waist. The skirt is below the waist. There are no 
pockets in the woman’s skirt. 

Men and women wear gloves on their hands. 


hat cap bonnet hood 

man’s coat 
woman’s waist 
woman’s skirt 

I am wearing a hat. 
He is wearing a hat. 


dress sleeves pockets 

I wear a coat 
he wears a coat 
she wears a waist 

made of cloth 
skirt below waist 


Do you wear a hat in the schoolrom? 
How many pockets are in your coat ? 


n eleven 

12 twelve 

13 thirteen 

14 fourteen 

15 fifteen 


16 sixteen 

17 seventeen 

18 eighteen 

19 nineteen 

20 twenty 


20 


CLOTHING 


A man wears a coat, a vest, and a pair of trousers. His 
trousers are on his legs. The man’s legs are in the legs 
of his trousers. He has pockets in 
his coat, pockets in his vest, and 
pockets in his trousers. 

A man wears a shirt under his coat 
and vest. His shirt has a collar. The 
collar is around the man’s neck. His 
shirt has sleeves, like his coat. His 
vest has no sleeves. 

A boy wears a coat and trousers, 
like a man. A girl wears a waist and 
skirt, like a woman. 

Coats, skirts, trousers, and dresses 
are called clothing. They are all made 
of cloth. 

Men, women, and children wear shoes on their feet. 
Shoes are made of leather. The soles of shoes are made 
of heavy leather. They keep the feet dry. 

Men wear socks on their feet. Women and children 
wear stockings. 


cloth 

vest and trousers 

shoes 

heavy 

clothing 

waist and skirt 

soles 

leather 

one man 

one woman 

socks 

dry 

two men 

two women 

stockings 

keep 

wears 

my vest 

pair 

pockets 

shirt 

his coat 

wear 

shoes 

coat 

sleeves 

care< 

around 

collar 

dresses 

called 

feet 

heavy 

socks 

keep 

legs 



21 






MONEY 


5 cents make a nickel. 

2 nickels make a dime, 
io cents make a dime. 

25 cents make a quarter of a 
dollar. 

5 nickels make 1 quarter. 
50 cents make 1 half-dollar. 
10 nickels make a half-dollar. 


5 dimes make a half-dollar. 
100 cents make a dollar. 

10 dimes make a dollar. 

4 quarters make a dollar. 

2 quarters make a half- 
dollar. 

2 half-dollars make a 
dollar. 


A cent is sometimes called a penny. 
The penny is made of copper. 

The five-cent piece is made of nickel. 
The dime is made of silver. 

The quarter is made of silver. 

Some of our money is made of paper. 
^ stands for cents — 5^ 

$ stands for dollars — $5 


cent 

half-dollar 

one cent 

nickel 

penny 

two cents 

dime 

copper 

one penny 

quarter 

silver 

two pennies 

dollar 

sometimes 

some 


ten twenty-five fifty one hundred 
10 25 50 100 

Take care of the pennies and the dollars will take care of 
themselves. 

How many pennies are worth a nickel ? 

How many nickels are worth a dime? 

How many dimes are worth a dollar? 

How many quarters are worth ten dimes? 


22 


A REVIEW 


Do you wear a coat, or a waist? 

I wear a. 

Does he wear a hat, or a cap? 

He wears a. 

Is the woman wearing a hat, or a cap ? 

The woman is wearing a. 

Is she wearing a coat, or a dress ? 

She is wearing a. 

Do you have pockets in your coat? 

Yes, I have four pockets in my coat. 

Are there sleeves in your coat, or waist ? 

Yes, there are.sleeves in my. 

Do you have a dollar in your pocket? Is it made of 
silver or paper? 

It is made of. 


Do you have other money in your pocket? What is it 
made of? 

My other money is made of. 


21 twenty-one 

22 twenty-two 

23 twenty-three 

24 twenty-four 

25 twenty-five 


26 twenty-six 

27 twenty-seven 

28 twenty-eight 

29 twenty-nine 

30 thirty 


What does a man wear on his head? 

What is a woman’s dress made of? 

Where do I sit in the schoolroom? 

What do men and women wear on their heads? 
Who wear bonnets? 

What may you see in a schoolroom? 

23 










ACTION 


Put your hand on your head. 

Put your finger on your nose. 

Put your thumb on your chin. 

Put your pencil in your mouth. 

Put your hands on your ears. 

Point to the windows in the schoolroom. Count them. 

There are.windows in this room. 

Put your book on the teacher’s table. 

Walk to the door. Open the door. Close the door. 
Walk to your seat. Sit. 

Walk to the window. Open the window. Close the 
window. Sit. 

The first row stand. Walk to the blackboard. Write 
your name on the blackboard. Sit. 

The second row stand. Walk to the blackboard. Write 
your names on the blackboard. Sit. 

The last row stand. Go to the blackboard. Write. Sit. 
Raise your hands above your head. Down. 

All take your pencils. Write your names in your books. 
Put your pencils on your desks. 

Put your hands up. Put your hands down. 


Spelling 


do 

pockets 

heavy 

penny 

does 

dress 

soles 

pennies 

where 

waist 

dry 

piece 

all 

skirt 

keep 

silver 

yes 

below 

socks 

some 

sitting 

gloves 

stockings 

money 

wears 

their 

cent 

put 


24 



SEEING AND DOING 


I see with my eyes. 

You see with your eyes. 
He sees with his eyes. 

She sees with her eyes. 

A man sees with his eyes. 


This is my hand. 
That is your hand. 
That is his hand. 
That is her hand. 


These are my fingers. 
Those are your fingers. 
Those are his fingers. 
Those are her fingers. 


A man has four fingers on his hand. 

A woman has four fingers on her hand. 
I put my book on my desk. 

You put your book on your desk. 

He puts his book on his desk. 

She puts her book on her desk. 

A man puts his book on his desk. 

A woman puts her book on her desk. 


Spelling 


wearing 

down 

cents 

point 

hat 

trousers 

dime 

open 

cap 

shirt 

dimes 

close 

bonnet 

collar 

quarter 

stand 

hood 

like 

quarters 

its 

coat 

clothing 

half 

name 

made 

shoe 

dollar 

raise 

cloth 

shoes 

dollars 

count 

sleeves 

leather 

sometimes 

nickels 

vest 

nickel 

walk 

pair 


25 


TALKING 


man 

woman 

I 

you 

we 

this is 

he 

she 

my 

your 

our 

these are 

his 

her 

me 

yours 

ours 

that is 


Do you see me? Yes we see you. You are the teacher. 

Do you hear me? Yes, we hear you talking. You are 
talking English. 

You were talking to us about our clothing. 

Is he wearing a coat? Yes, he is wearing a black coat. 

Does he have pockets in his coat? Yes, he has. 

pockets in his coat. 

Do you hear him talking? Yes, he is talking English. 

Is there a woman in the room? Point to her. Is she 
wearing a coat? No, she is not wearing a coat. She is 
wearing a waist. Does she have pockets in her waist? 
I do not see any pockets. Is her waist black, like the 
man’s coat? No, her waist is white. 

Do you point with your thumb? No, I point with my 
first finger. I am pointing to the window. 


I 

you 

he 

she 

we 

English 

my 

your 

his 

her 

our 

about 

me 

you 

him 

her 

us 

no 

I talk 


you talk 


he talks 


I am talking you are talking he is talking 


31 thirty-one 

32 thirty-two 

33 thirty-three 

34 thirty-four 

35 thirty-five 


36 thirty-six 

37 thirty-seven 

38 thirty-eight 

39 thirty-nine 

40 forty 


26 



CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 


Columbus came to America. He came in three small 
ships. He came from Spain. He was the first man to 
cross the ocean. He came in 1492. 

The sailors were afraid to cross the ocean. They were 
- afraid they would get lost. They thought they would 
never get back. They were afraid their ships would sink 
in the ocean. 

But Columbus was not afraid. He was not afraid he 
would get lost. He thought he would get back. He 
sailed and sailed toward the west. 

Columbus landed on an island. He saw the Indians. 
He saw the trees of the forest. He was the first white 
man to see America. Christopher Columbus discovered 
'America in 1492. 

Columbus trees ships to cross get 

America forest ocean going small 

27 






QUESTIONS 


Did your teacher tell you about Columbus? 

Yes, she told us that Columbus discovered America 
in 


Did she tell you that Columbus was afraid to cross 
the ocean? 

a- > 

No, she told us that Columbus was..afraid 

to cross the ocean. 

Did she tell you that the sailors were afraid to cross 
the ocean ? 

Yes, she told us that the sailors were afraid. 

Did you ever hear of Christopher Columbus before? 

Yes, we heard about him when we were children. 

Did you come to America? 

Yes, I came to America in. 

Were you afraid to cross the ocean? 

No, I was not afraid. 

Did you think you would never get back? 

I did not want to go back. 

Did you discover America ? 

No, many people had come to America before I came. 


tell hear come 

told heard came 

Spain island 

Indians discovered 

41 forty-one 

42 forty-two 

43 forty-three 

44 forty-four 

45 forty-five 


think am are 

thought was were 

sailors lost know 

afraid back sink 

46 forty-six 

47 forty-seven 

48 forty-eight 

49 forty-nine 

50 fifty 


28 





Spelling 


I 

English 

going 

forest 

you 

about 

would 

discovered 

he 

talk 

get 

1492 

she 

talking 

lost 

tell 

my 

there 

thought 

told 

your 

Columbus 

never 

hear 

her 

America 

back 

heard 

his 

small 

their 

come 

we 

ships 

sink 

came 

our 

from 

but 

think 

this 

Spain 

sailed 

thought 

these 

cross 

toward 

am 

that 

ocean 

west 

was 

those 

sailors 

landed 

are 

are 

afraid 

island 

were 

me 

know 

saw 

address 

him 

where 

Indians 

work 

us 

they 

trees 

play 


When did Columbus discover America? 
How many years have passed since then? 
Why were his sailors afraid ? 

How many ships did he have? 

What more can you tell about him ? 

Why do we honor Columbus? 

My name is. 

My address is. 

I work at. 

I came from. 

I came in. 


29 








THE FAMILY 


This is a family. The man and the woman are married. 
The man is the father of the children. The woman is the 
mother of the children. The man is the husband of the 
woman. The woman is the wife of the man. 

The man and the woman are the parents of the boy 
and the girl. The boy and the girl are the children of 
the man and the woman. The boy is the son of the man 
and the woman. The girl is their daughter. 

The boy is the brother of the girl. The girl is the 
sister of the boy. 

The man’s father and the woman’s father are the 
grandfathers of the children. The man’s mother and 
the woman’s mother are the grandmothers of the chil¬ 
dren. The children have two grandfathers and two 
grandmothers. They have two parents and four grand¬ 
parents. 

The man and woman have also brothers and sisters. 

30 




























The brothers of the man and of the woman are the uncles 
of these children. The sisters of the man and of the 
woman are the aunts of the children. 


family 

husband 

brother 

grandfather 

father 

wife 

sister 

grandmother 

mother 

married 

son 

parents 

children 

also 

daughter 

grandparents 

uncle 

man 

woman 

child 

aunt 

men 

women 

children 


Have you any brothers? 

Yes, I have.*/ .'. .1.. . .brothers. 


Do your brothers live in this country? 
.<^0 .CY\y^\.my brothers live irCffiU/Q. 


Are any of your brothers married ? 

Yes,.... .t.... . . .of my brothers are married. 


Do they have good wives? 

Yes, they have very good wives. 


Do your married brothers have any children? 
Yes, they have. . \. . . .. . .children. 

How many sons do they have? 

They have.*.. .sons. 

How many daughters do they have ? 

They have .fe.. . ^ daughters. 

Do these children like their uncle? 

Yes, they like me very well. 


Have you any sisters ? 

Yes, I have. Q. . . .sisters. 

Do your sisters live in this country ? 

. >. .my sisters live in. 

3i 






Do they have any sons or daughters ? 

.7 . . . .they have. U . ....sons and^ . . ^.daughters. 

Does your mother live in this country? 

.my mother. . ... 

Does your father live in this country? 

(T>.my father. 



FOODS 


bread 

butter 

milk 

cheese 

beef 

pork 

mutton 

fish 

potatoes 

cabbage 

beans 

peas 

apples 

oranges 

bananas 

peaches 

any 

husband 

wife 

live 

how many 

husbands 

wives 

country 


Beef, pork, and mutton are called meat. Meat is good 
to eat. 

Potatoes, cabbage, beans, and peas are called vegetables. 
Vegetables are good to eat. 

Apples, oranges, bananas, and peaches are called fruit. 
Fruit is good for us to eat. 

Bread, butter, cheese, meat, vegetables, and fruit are 
called food. Food is what we eat. 


bread 

beef 

potatoes 

apples 

butter 

pork 

cabbage 

oranges 

milk 

mutton 

beans 

bananas 

cheese 

fish 

peas 

peaches 

food 

meat 

vegetables 

fruit 


Bread is called food. 

Bread and meat are called food. 


32 





COOKING 


K ^ 

Bread is made from flour. It is baked in an oven. 
Bread is good food. 

Butter is made from milk. We eat butter on our bread. 
Cheese is made from milk. We eat cheese with our bread 
and butter. We drink milk. 

We cook meat before we eat it. We fry beefsteak on 
the stove. Sometimes we roast beef in the oven. Then it 
is called roast beef. Sometimes we boil beef in water. It 
is 'then called boiled beef. We put salt on our meat be¬ 
fore we eat it. 

We cook vegetables before we eat them. We boil vege¬ 
tables in water. Sometimes we bake potatoes in the oven. 
Sometimes we fry potatoes on the stove, as we fry beef¬ 
steak. We put salt on vegetables before we eat them. 

We drink water. We drink coffee and tea. We boil 
coffee and tea in water. 

We eat because we are hungry. 

We drink because we are thirsty. 

(UU a •' ; 

The woman bakes bread. We cook meat. 

-f 

Bread is baked in an oven. Meat is cooked on a stove. 

In how many ways may meat be cooked? 

Where do potatoes grow? 

Why do we put salt on our food? 

How is boiling different from frying? 


cook 

stove 

drink 

hungry 

fry 

oven 

water 

thirsty 

roast 

sometimes 

coffee 

because 

boil 

then 

tea 

salt 

stew 

book 

make 

bake 

Long I — 

•3 33 




~C+S 


JOINTS 


This is my right hand. This is my left hand. My right 
hand is on my right arm. My left hand is on my left arm. 
I have four fingers and one thumb on my right hand and four 
fingers and one thumb on my left hand. I have eight fingers 
. and two thumbs op both my hands. 

My arm bends at the shoulder. My arm bends at the 
elbow. My arm . bends at the wrist. My arm bends in 
three place. My fingers bend in three places. 

This is my right foot. This is my left foot. My right 
foot is on my right leg. My left foot is on my left leg. I 
have five toes on my right foot, and five toes on my left 
foot. I have ten toes on both my feet. 

My leg bends at the hips. My leg bends at the knee. 
My leg bends at the ankle. My leg bends in three places. 
My toes bend in three places. 

My shoulder is called a joint. My elbow is called a joint. 
My knee is called a joint. I have three joints in each arm, 
three joints in each finger, three joints in each leg, and 
three joints in each toe. 

When I move my arm I bend it at the three joints. 
When I close my hand I bend my fingers at the three 
joints. 

When I walk I bend my legs at the three joints; I bend 
my toes at the three joints. 

The joints in the fingers are called knuckles. 



shoulder 

hip 

right 

walk 


elbow 

knee 

left 

move 


wrist 

ankle 

both 

bend 


places 

knuckles 

one foot 

two feet 




34 


ACTION 




Put your right hand on your right shoulder. 

Put your left hand on your right elbow. /O^ 

Put your right hand on your left wrist. 

Put. your hands on your knees. 

Bend your left arm at the elbow. 

Bend your right arm at the wrist. 

Closg your right hand. Open it. 

Bend your right leg at the ankle. 

Bend your right arm at all three joints. 

Put the first finger of your right hand on your left ear. 
Put your hand above your head. How many joints did 
you bend ? 

I bent //:.joints. 

Put both hands on your hips.t^ 

Pick up your pencil. What fingers do you use? 

I used my A J yl C ..and my. 

Do you write with your left hand? No, I write with 
my. . ...hand. 


WHERE 




> 


The woman’s waist is above her skirt. 

The woman’s skirt is below her waist. $ 
The man’s hat is on his head. 

The man’s gloves are in his pocket. 

Thefceiling of the room is over our heads. 
The floor of the room is under our feet. 

The seats of the room are behind the desks. 
The desks of the room are before the seats. 
My lips are outside of my teeth. 

My tongue is inside of my mouth. 

35 








A man’s forehead is above his eyes. 

His cheeks are below his eyes. 

A man’s nose is between his two cheeks. 

Put your book on your desk. 

Put your book in your desk. 

Put your book on the desk behind you. 

Put your book on the desk before you. 

Stand in front of your desk. 

A man has two lips. The one above is called hi? upper 
lip. The one below is called his lower lip. 

A man’s eye has two lids ; ^an upper lid and a lower lid. 

Put your finger on your upper lip. Put your finger on 
your lower lip. 

Put your finger on your upper eyelid. On your lower 
eyelid. 

Put your book on the desk to the right of you. Put 
your book on the desk to the left of you. 


above on over 

below in under 

between 
in front of 

io ten 
20 twenty 
30 thirty 
40 forty 
50 fifty 


before outside of 

behind inside of 

upper lip 
lower lid 

60 sixty 
70 seventy 
80 eighty 
90 ninety 
100 one hundred 


How many are ten and twenty? 

If I make 30 dollars to-day and spend 20 dollars, how 
much will I have left to take home? 

A boy has a quarter of a dollar and his sister has a 
dime; how much do both together have? 

36 


DAY AND NIGHT 


When the sun shines it is clay. The sun makes the day 
light. The sun makes the day warm. When the sun does 
not shine it is night. The night.is dark and cold. 

We go to work in the day. We go to sleep at night. 

When the sun rises it is morning. 

When the sun goes down it is evening. 

When the sun is above our heads it is noon. 

The sun rises in the east. The sun sets in the west. 

If you stand with your right hand toward the east and 
your left hand toward the west, before you will be north 
and behind you will be south. 

North, south, east, and west are called directions. 

Point toward the east. Point toward the north. Point 
toward the south. Point toward the west. 

What direction do you go when you go home? I go 
.when I go home. 

On what side of the schoolroom are the windows? The 
windows are on the.side of the schoolroom. 

On what side of the schoolroom is the door? The door 
is on the.side of the schoolroom. 


(\v V" 





sun day Hght 

warm 

go to work 

shines 

night dark 

cold 

go to sleep 

morning 

rises 

east 

toward 

noon 

goes down 

west 

direction 

evening 

sets 

north 

south 

moon 

daylight 

sunset 

sunrise 

stars 

starlight 

moonlight 

afternoon 

darkness 

; dawn 

sunlight 

north 

east 

south 

west 

north-east 


37 






WASHING 

This woman is washing clothes. She washes them in a 
tub. There is water in the tub. The tub sits on a bench. 
There is a washboard in the tub. The woman rubs soap 
on the clothes, and then rubs the clothes on the wash¬ 
board. She makes the clothes clean. 

The woman wrings the clothes. She wrings them to 
get the water out of them. Sometimes she wrings them 
with her hands. Sometimes she wrings them with a 
wringer. She puts the wringer on the side of the tub. 

Then the woman hangs the clothes up to dry. She hangs 
them on a clothes line. She fastens them on the line with 
clothes-pins. You can see the clothes hanging on the line. 
The sun makes the clothes dry. The wind makes the clothes 
dry. Clean clothes are good for us to wear. 

What is this woman doing? What is she washing the 
clothes in? What is the tub sitting on? What does the 
woman rub on the clothes ? What does she rub the clothes 
on? Why does the woman wring the clothes? 

38 

* 

































































rubs 


wash 
washes 
is washing 


cloth 

clothes 

clothing 


tub 

washboard 

bench 


wrings 

hangs 


MEALS 


We eat breakfast in the morning. 

We have eggs for breakfast. 

Bread and butter are good for breakfast. 

Fruit is good for breakfast. 

We drink coffee for breakfast. 

The children drink milk for breakfast. 

We eat dinner at noon. 

Roast beef is good for dinner. 

Vegetables are good for dinner. 

We drink coffee for dinner. 

The children drink milk for dinner. 

We eat supper at night. 

Bread and cheese are good for supper. 

Vegetables are good for supper. 

Fruit is good for supper. 

The children drink milk for supper. 

Breakfast in the morning, dinner at noon, supper at 
night. 

Breakfast is a meal. Dinner is a meal. Supper is a 
meal. We eat three meals a day. 

Coffee and tea are not good for children to drink. The 
time between morning and noon is called forenoon. The 
time between noon and evening is called afternoon. 


morning breakfast meals bread 

noon dinner eggs cheese 

night supper milk fruit 


39 


DAYS OF THE WEEK 

There are seven days in a week. Sunday is the ist day 
of the week; Monday is the 2nd day; Tuesday is the 3rd 
day; Wednesday is the 4th day ; Thursday is the 5 th day; 
Friday is the 6 th day; Saturday is the 7 th day. 

Saturday is the last day of the week. 

Sunday is a rest day. We go to church on Sunday. The 
other six days are work days. We go to work on those 
days. 

There are twenty-four hours in a day. We work eight 
hours. We rest eight hours. We sleep eight hours. 

24 hours make 1 day. 

7 days make 1 week. 

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday 
Thursday Friday Saturday 

week rest church hours 

Early to bed and early to. rise, 

Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. 


Spelling 


behind 

rises 

soap 

week 

before 

morning 

clean 

Sunday 

outside 

down 

wrings 

Monday 

inside 

sits 

wringer 

Tuesday 

forehead 

evening 

hangs 

Wednesday 

between 

noon 

clothes line 

Thursday 

in front of 

east 

fastens 

Friday 

upper 

toward 

clothes pins 

Saturday 

lower 

west 

can 

rest 


40 



VEGETABLES 

turnips beets carrots onions 

lettuce celery cucumbers pumpkins 

tomatoes rhubarb radishes potatoes 

Turnips, beets, carrots, onions, radishes, lettuce, and 
celery are vegetables. Vegetables grow in the garden. 

We eat the root of the turnip. We eat the root of the 
beet. We eat the roots of carrots, onions, and radishes. 
We boil the roots of these vegetables. We make vegetable 
soup. 

We eat the leaves of cabbage. We eat the leaves of 
lettuce, celery, and rhubarb. 

Beans and peas grow on vines. We eat the seeds of beans 
and peas. The seeds grow in pods. 

Tomatoes, cucumbers, and pumpkins grow on vines. 
We eat the fruit of these vegetables. 

Beets are red. Tomatoes and radishes are red. Car¬ 
rots and pumpkins are yellow. Onions and celery are 
white. Lettuce and cucumbers are green. 

Red and white and green and yellow and black are called 
colors. 

What vegetables do you like best? 

What colors do you like best? 

4i 














COLORS 


What color is your coat? My coat is. 

What color is the woman’s waist? The woman’s waist 


What color 

is an orange? 

An orange is. . 


What color 

are tomatoes? 

Tomatoes are 


What color 
the trees are. 

are the leaves 

on the trees? 

The leaves 

turnips 

celery 

radishes 

soup 

beets 

cucumbers 

vegetables 

leaf 

carrots 

pumpkins 

grow 

beans 

onions 

tomatoes 

garden 

peas 

lettuce 

rhubarb 

root 

seeds 

red 

yellow 

green 

color 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

Do you eat meat for breakfast? 

No, we eat.for breakfast. 

Do you eat breakfast at noon? 

No, we eat breakfast. 

We eat.at noon. 

What meal do you eat at night ? 

We eat.at night. 

Do we eat the leaves of turnips? 

No, we eat the.of turnips. 

Do we eat the roots of cabbages ? 

No, we eat the.of cabbages. 

What do we grow in the garden ? 

How do the seeds of beans and peas grow ? 

The seeds of beans and peas grow in. 

42 














How many days make a week ? 

There are.days in a week. 

Do you work every day of the week? 

No, we rest on. 

How many hours are there in a day ? 
There are.hours in a day. 

How many hours do you work each day ? 
I work.hours each day. 

Name all the vegetables you know. 

Name all the colors you know. 

one and one are two 
one plus one equals two 

1 + 1 = 2 

two and one are three 
two plus one equals three 

2 + 1=3 

three and one are four 
three plus one equals four 

3 + 1 = 4 
Spelling 


and 

talk 

row 

father 

eat 

hand 

walk 

grow 

mother 

meat 

stand 

chalk 

know 

another 

foot 

book 

hair 

door 

good 

root 

cook 

chair 

floor 

food 

right 

lips 

head 

make 

write 

light 

ships 

bread 

bake 

white 

might 

mouth 

tree 

cloth 

man 

wife 

south 

three 

clothing 

woman 

wives 

day 

week 

meal 

hour 

room 


43 






NURSERY RIMES 

American people teach these rimes to their babies 

1 

Pat a cake, pat a cake, baker man, 

Make a cake as fast as you can, 

Roll it and pick it and mark it with B, 

And throw it in the oven for baby and me. 

2 

This little pig went to market, 

This little pig stayed at home; 

This little pig had roast beef, 

This little pig had none; 

This little pig said “Wee, wee, 

I can’t find my way home.” 

3 

Rock-a-bye baby, on the tree top, 

When the wind blows the cradle will rock; 
When the bough breaks the cradle will fall 
And down will come baby, cradle, and all. 

4 

Bye, baby Bunting! 

Daddy’s gone a hunting, 

To get a little rabbit skin, 

To wrap his baby Bunting in. 

5 

Great A, little a, 

Bouncing B, 

The cat’s in the cupboard 
And she can’t see. 


44 



SEWING 



This woman is sewing. She is sewing with a needle and 
thread. She puts the thread through the eye of the needle. 
The eye of the needle 
is a hole. The other 
end of the needle is 
sharp. It is called 
the point of the 
needle. 

The woman is 
making a dress for 
her little girl. She 
cuts out the dress 
from a piece of cloth. 

She cuts the cloth 
with her scissors. 

She puts the parts 

of the dress together. She pushes the needle through the 
two pieces of cloth. The woman has a thimble on her 
finger. She pushes the needle with the thimble. She pulls 
the thread through the cloth. The thread holds the pieces 
of cloth together. The woman makes a good dress. 

Sometimes the woman sews with a sewing-machine. 
The needle is in the sewing-machine. The eye of the 
needle is near the point of the needle. The thread is on 
a spool. The spool of thread is on the sewing-machine. 
The woman puts the thread through the eye of the needle. 
She puts her feet on the pedals of the machine. She 
makes the machine go very fast. 

The woman is making a. She is making 

the dress for. She cuts the cloth with her 


45 










DISHES 


table 

knife and fork 
coffee pot 
bowl 


plates 
spoons 
milk pitcher 
salt shaker 


cup and saucer 
glasses 
sugar bowl 
cream pitcher 


We eat our meals at a table. There is a white table¬ 
cloth on the table. There are dishes on the table. Plates, 
cups, and saucers, bowls, glasses, and pitchers are called 
dishes. 

We eat meat and potatoes from our plates. We cut 
the meat with knives. We raise the food to our mouths 
with a fork. We shake salt on our food from salt-shakers. 
We eat soup from bowls. We eat soup with a spoon. 

Coffee is made in a coffee-pot. We drink coffee from 
a cup. We set the cup in a saucer. We put sugar and 
cream in the coffee. The sugar is in the sugar bowl. 
The cream is in the cream pitcher. We stir our coffee 
with a spoon. 



46 















The woman sews with a needle and thread. 

The woman is sewing with a needle and thread. 
The woman makes a dress for her little girl. 
The woman is making a dress for her little girl. 


sewing 

eye 

cut out 

machine 

needle 

point 

scissors 

pedals 

thread 

hole 

pushes 

through 

thimble 

sharp 

pulls 

holds 

The milk is in 

a pitcher. The children drink milk from 

glasses. We pour the milk 

from the pitcher into the 

glasses. 



i 

dishes 

tablecloth 

cut 

shaker 

plates 

knife 

raise 

pot 

cups 

fork 

shake 

pitcher 

saucers 

spoon 

stir 

sugar 

knife and fork 

sugar and cream 

a cup of coffee 

cup and saucer 

on the table 

a glass of milk 

We sit in the sitting room. 



We set the cups in the saucers. 


turnips 

pods 

pulls 

sugar 

beets 

vines 

holds 

cream 

carrots 

red 

near 

tablecloth 

onions 

yellow 

pedals 

cut 

lettuce 

green 

fast 

raise 

celery 

color 

very 

. shake 

cucumbers 

sewing 

dishes 

stir 

pumpkins 

needle 

plates 

pour 

tomatoes 

thread 

cup 

into 

rhubarb 

through 

saucer 

house 


47 


THE HOUSE 


There are rooms in our house. We cook in the kitchen. 
There is a stove in the kitchen. There are pots and 
kettles on the stove. Pots and kettles are called cooking 
utensils. We cook our food in the pots and kettles. 
There is a sink in the kitchen. We wash the dishes at 
the sink. We keep the dishes clean. 

We sleep in the bedroom. There is a bed in the bed¬ 
room. There are clean sheets on the bed. There are 
quilts and blankets on the bed. We have pillows for our 
heads. There are clean pillow-cases on the pillows. 
Sheets and quilts and pillow-cases are called bed clothing. 
We keep all the bed clothing clean. 

We sit in the sitting room. There is a table in the sitting 
room. There are rocking chairs and books there. There 
is a carpet on the floor. There is wall paper on the walls. 
There are white curtains at the windows. 

We keep all the floors clean. 


Spelling 


house 

table 

bed 

keep 

rooms 

bed 

sheets 

sleep 

doors 

chairs 

quilts 

wash 

floor 

stools 

pillows 

clean 

window 

cook 

clothing 

white 

kitchen 

cooking 

rocking 

milk 

bedroom 

utensils 

stove 

sugar 

sitting room 

, dishes 

sink 

cream 

carpet 

knives 

kettles 

food 

curtain 

forks 

hooks 

bowl 

wall 

spoons 

pots 

saucer 

ceiling 

cups 

pans 

pitcher 


43 


THE MONTHS 


There are twelve months in a year: January, February, 
March, April, May, June, July, August, September, Octo¬ 
ber, November, December. 

September, October, and November are the autumn 
months. The leaves turn brown and fall from the trees. 
We gather the vegetables from the garden and put them 
in the basement. There is frost on the ground in the 
mornings. It is getting cold. It is the fall of the year. 

December, January, and February are the winter 
months. The ground is covered with snow and ice. We 
wear overcoats when we go out, and have fire in the house 
to keep us warm. It is very cold. 

March, April, and May are the spring months. The 
snow and ice melt and go away. The grass begins to 
grow and the leaves come out on the trees. We plant 
our vegetables in the garden. It is getting warm. 

June, July, and August are the summer months. The 
leaves are on all the trees. The vegetables are growing 
in the garden. The flowers are growing in the park. 
It is very warm. 

Winter, spring, summer, and autumn are the four seasons 
of the year. 


September 

December 

March 

June 

October 

January 

April 

July 

November 

February 

May 

August 

months 

gather 

autumn 

cold 

year 

basement 

winter 

warm 

brown 

frost 

spring 

covered 

ice 

fire 

begins 

seasons 


Long I — 4 


49 



THE GROCERY 

We buy food at the grocery store. The man who 
keeps the grocery is called a grocer. The things we buy 
from the grocer are called groceries. The grocer sells 
eggs by the dozen. We buy oranges and bananas by the 
dozen. 

12 things make a dozen. 

6 things make half a dozen. 

We buy potatoes by the peck, or by the bushel. The 
grocer sells apples by the peck, or by the bushel. 

4 pecks make a bushel. 

2 pecks make a half bushel. 

We buy sugar by the pound. The grocer weighs the 
sugar on his scales. We buy butter by the pound. We 
buy cheese by the pound. 

Tell what we buy at the grocery. 

Tell what we raise in the garden. 

50 

























Coffee costs 20 ft a pound. 

Tea costs 60 ^ a pound. 

16 ounces make a pound. 

8 ounces make a half pound. 

The grocer counts the eggs in dozens. He measures 
the potatoes in peck measures. He weighs the sugar on 


the scales. 

We buy.from the grocery. The grocer sells 

eggs by the.things make a dozen. The 


grocer sells apples by the.or by the. 

.pecks make a bushel? We buy sugar by the 

.ounces make a pound. The grocer 

weighs sugar on his. 

grocer counts dozens 

grocery measures pecks 

groceries weighs bushels 

THE MEAT MARKET 

We buy meat from the butcher. The butcher keeps a 
meat market. He sells meat by the pound. He weighs 
it on his scales. He keeps the meat in a large ice-box. 
The ice keeps the meat cool and fresh. 

The butcher cuts the meat with a large knife. When 
there are bones in the meat he cuts them with a saw. 
Sometimes he cuts them with a cleaver. 

The meat shop should be kept very clean. The meat- 
block should be scraped every day. The floors of the 
shop should be kept clean. The ice-box should be clean 
and there should be no flies in it. Do not buy meat from 
a dirty shop. 


scales 

half 

costs 


5i 










Beef is meat from 
cattle. Pork is meat 
from hogs. Mutton 
is meat from sheep. 
Sausage is meat 
which has been 
ground in a sausage 
grinder. 

butcher cool 

saw shop 

fresh cleaver 

cattle market 
clean ' hogs ice-box bones 

block scraped sheep sausage 

The butcher keeps his shop very clean. 

The meat shop should be kept very clean. 

The butcher grinds meat into sausage. 

Sausage is meat which has been ground. 

THE BOOK 

This is my book. I learn to read in my book. The 
outside of my book is called the cover. The cover is 
made of cloth. The leaves of my book are made of paper. 
Each leaf has two pages. The pages of the book are all 
numbered. I turn the leaves of the book and I read the 
lessons on the pages. Open your book. Close your book. 

The lessons of the book are printed in words. The 
words are printed in lines across the page. We begin 
to read at the left-hand side of the page and read toward 
the right-hand side. When we have read a line we come 
back and begin at the left again. 

52 















































The words of the book are made up of letters. Some 
of the letters are large and some of them are small. The 
large letters are called capital letters. Some of the words 
are small and some of them are large. Some words have 
many letters and some have few letters. Some words 
have only one letter. 


cover 

pages 


leaves printed 

lessons words 


lines capital 

across few 


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
How many rooms are there in your house? 


There are.rooms in our house. 

Do you sit in the kitchen? 

No, we sit in the.. We 

in the kitchen. 


Do you eat meat with a knife? 

No, we cut meat with a knife. We raise it to our mouths 
with a. 

Do you eat potatoes with a knife? 

No, we eat potatoes with a fork. 

Do you eat soup with a fork? 

No, we eat soup with a. 

Do you buy meat at the grocery store? 

No, we buy.at the grocery store. We buy 

meat at the. 

Can you buy a dozen of meat? 

No, the butcher sells meat by the. 

53 










THE ICEMAN 


The iceman sells us ice. He sells ice by the pound. He 
weighs the ice on his scales. He carries it with a pair of tongs. 

He puts the ice in our 
ice-box. We put our 
meat, our milk, our 
butter, and our vege¬ 
tables in the ice-box. 
The ice keeps them 
cool and fresh. 

If milk is not put on 
the ice, it will sour. 
It will not be good 
to drink. It will 
make the baby sick. 
Sour milk will make 
the children sick. Sour milk is not good for any one. 

If meat is not put on the ice, it will spoil. Spoiled meat 
is not good for us to eat. It will make us sick. 

If vegetables and fruits are not put on the ice, they will 
rot. Rotten vegetables are not good for us to eat. 

Ice is frozen water. Sometimes ice is cut from the 
river or lake in winter. Sometimes it is frozen in the ice- 
factory. 

The iceman sells us. We put the ice in the 

. We put.and.on the 

ice. Ice comes from. 


iceman 

cool 

spoil 

frozen 

tongs 

fresh 

rot 

river 

ice-box 

sour 

rotten 

lake 



54 




































































Sour milk is not good. 
Spoiled meat is not good. 
Rotten fruit is not good. 
Good milk is sweet milk. 
Bad milk is sour milk. 
Good meat is fresh meat. 
Bad meat is spoiled meat. 

Does the grocer measure the eggs? 

No, he.the eggs. 


Spelling 


twelve 

basement 

dozen 

cleaver 

months 

frost 

half 

block 

year 

winter 

peck 

scraped 

January 

covered 

bushel 

flies 

February 

snow 

pound 

dirty 

March 

ice 

sugar 

cattle 

April 

overcoats 

weighs 

hogs 

May 

fire 

scales 

sheep 

June 

spring 

costs 

sausage 

July 

melt 

ounces 

shop 

August 

away 

counts 

ice-man 

September 

grass 

measures 

pair 

October 

begins 

ice-factory 

tongs 

November 

summer 

butcher 

box 

December 

flowers 

market 

sour 

autumn 

parks 

ice-box 

spoil 

turn 

seasons 

cuts 

rotten 

brown 

grocer 

knife 

frozen 

fall 

grocery 

bones 

river 

gather 

groceries 

saw 

sausage 


55 



THE PILGRIMS 


The Pilgrims came to America in 1620. Their home 
was in England, but they had gone to live in Holland. 
They wanted religious liberty, so they came to America. 
They came in one ship. Their ship was called the May¬ 
flower. They brought their wives and children with them. 

The Pilgrims landed at Cape Cod. It was winter and 
the ground was covered with snow. The wind was very 
cold. The men looked for a good place to build their 
houses. They hunted all around. They walked through 
the forest in the snow. They rowed their boats along 
the shore. 

They found a good place and called it Plymouth. They 
cut down the trees and built log houses. The Pilgrims 
worked very hard. They worked in the cold and rain. 
Many of them were sick. Many of them died. But those 
who lived did not go back. They stayed in America. 

The Pilgrims planted corn and vegetables. They had 
a good crop and they wanted to give thanks to God. They 
shot wild turkeys. They baked pumpkin pies. They 
invited the Indians. The, Indians brought five deer. 
They had a big feast. It was a good Thanksgiving 
dinner. 

Pilgrims home 

England wanted 

Holland wind 

Cape Cod looked 

religious liberty 
the May flower 
good crop 
give thanks to God 

56 


hunted Plymouth 

around stayed 

rowed turkeys 

boats pumpkin 

many sick 
many died 
baked pumpkin pies 
invited the Indians 


THE MILKMAN 


The milkman brings milk to our house. He brings the 
milk in bottles. The bottles are closed with paper stoppers. 
The large bottles hold 
a quart of milk. The 
small bottles hold a 
pint. A pint is just 
half as much as a 
quart. There are 
also smaller bottles 
which hold only half 
a pint. 

2 pints make a quart. 

4 quarts make a 
gallon. 



The mouth of the bottle should be carefully washed, 
so that no dirt will get into the milk. Dirt will make the 
milk sour. The milk will not be good to drink. The milk 
should then be put on the ice. It must be kept fresh and 
good for the children. 

The thick part on the top is called the cream. We can 
put that in our coffee. But the children should be given 
some of it, for it is good for them to drink. 

The milkman hauls his milk in a wagon. He has an ice¬ 
box in his wagon, and keeps the milk cool and sweet. 


milkman pint 

milk bottle quart 

milk wagon gallon 


carefully should 
stopper some 

cream sweet 


Sweet milk is good. Clean milk is good. 

Sour milk is not good. Dirty milk is not good. 


57 




















BAKING 


This woman is baking bread. She mixes flour and water 
in a large pan. Flour and water make dough. She then 
puts in the yeast and a little salt. Then she sets the dough 



in a warm place. The yeast makes the dough rise. The 
yeast makes the bread light. Heavy bread is not good. 
Bread dough is white. 

When the bread has risen the woman works it well with 
her hands. She is kneading the dough. Then she makes 
it into loaves. She puts each loaf in a pan and puts it 
in the oven. The oven must be hot. The heat of the oven 
makes the bread rise more. The woman bakes the bread 
until it is dark brown. 

Sometimes the woman bakes cakes and cookies for the 
children. Cakes and cookies are sweet. Sometimes she 
bakes pies. She makes an upper crust and an under crust 
of pie dough. She puts fruit between the two crusts. If 
she puts apples in her pie, she bakes an apple pie. If she 
puts peaches between the crusts, she bakes a peach pie. 

58 


























FRUITS 


Apples are the fruit of the apple tree. The seeds of the 
tree are inside of the apple. There are many seeds inside 
of the apple. They are in little pods. The apple protects 
the seeds. If you plant apple seeds you may grow apple 
trees. 

Peaches are the fruit of the peach tree. The seed of the 
tree is inside of the peach. There is only one seed in each 
peach. The peach protects the seed. If you plant a peach 
seed you may grow a peach tree. 

Apples, peaches, pears, plums, and cherries are called 
fruit. They all grow on trees, and have seeds inside of 

t 

the fruit. Fruit is good for us to eat. 

Grapes are good fruit. They grow on vines. Grape 
vines climb up on posts or fences to keep the grapes off the 
ground. Grapes grow in bunches. There are many grapes 
in a bunch. There are many seeds inside each grape. 

Some fruits do not grow in this country. Oranges grow 
on trees in the South. Bananas grow on trees where it is 
very warm. Dates grow on large trees in hot countries. 

Berries are good fruit. Strawberries grow on low vines. 
There are many little seeds in a strawberry. Raspberries 
and blackberries grow on bushes. 

Where are the seeds of the apple tree ? How many seeds 
in a peach? Do oranges have seeds? How do grapes 
grow? What color is a strawberry? What color is a 
cherry? What color is a pear? 


each 

cherry 

berry 

pear 

peach 

cherries 

berries 

plum 

trees 

posts 

climb 

bushes 

vines 

fences 

bunches 

inside 


59 


COUNTING 

Count your fingers. How many fingers have you on 
both hands? 

I have.fingers on both hands. 

Count the nails on your fingers. How many nails have 
you on both hands? 

I have.nails on both hands. 

Count the joints in your arms. How many joints have 
you in both arms? 

I have.joints in both arms. 

Count your knuckles. How many knuckles have you on 
one hand? 

I have.knuckles on one hand. 

How manv knuckles on both hands? 

I have.knuckles on both hands. 

Count the buttons on your coat. How many buttons 
have you on your coat ? 

I have.buttons on my coat. 

Count the men in this room. How many men are in 
the room? 

There are.men in this room. 

Count the women in this room. How many women 
are there? 

There are.women in the room. 

Count the boys in the room. How many boys are there? 

There are.boys in the room. 

Count the desks in the room. How many desks are in 
the room? 

There are.desks in the room. 

Count the chairs in the room. How many chairs are 
there ? 


60 












THE DOCTOR 


The doctor takes care of sick people. He knows when 
you are sick and why you are sick. The doctor knows what 
you should do to get well. He gives you some medicine. 
He tells you when to take the medicine. He tells you what 
you should eat and what you should not eat. 

The doctor takes care of the baby. He knows when the 
baby is sick. He knows what the baby should eat. He 
knows how to take care of a baby. The doctor is a good 
friend. 

When the doctor gives you medicine he is called a physi¬ 
cian. When you get sick you should see a physician. 
You should do what he tells you. You should take his 
medicine. He knows best. 

If you break your arm the doctor will have to set it. 
If you crush your hand the doctor may have to cut off one 
of your fingers. When the doctor sets your arm or cuts off 
your finger he is called a surgeon. 


Spelling 


milkman 

looked 

wild 

pear 

bottle 

hunted 

invited 

plum 

wagon 

around 

deer 

vines 

pint 

rowed 

Thanksgiving 

posts 

quart 

boats 

bake 

fences 

gallon 

religious 

cake 

bushes 

carefully 

liberty 

cookies 

climb 

stopper 

Mayflower 

rises 

bunches 

should 

log 

pan 

doctor 

some 

back 

dough 

physician 

sweet 

died 

yeast 

surgeon 


6i 


Pilgrims 

crop 

kneading 

medicine 

England 

thanks 

loaf 

friend 

Holland 

God 

loaves 

crush 

Cape Cod 

big 

crust 

break 

home 

feast 

cherries 

when 

wanted 

shot 

each 

why 

wind 

turkeys 

berries 

Dr. 

FILL THE 

BLANKS 

WITH IS 

OR ARE 


The window.on the side of the room. 

The windows.on the side of the room. 

The woman.the mother of the boy and girl. 

The man and the woman.the parents of the 

boy and girl. 

Bread.good for men and women to eat. 

Bread and cheese.good for men and women to 

eat. 

This woman.sewing with a needle and thread. 

These women.sewing with needles and thread. 

An apple.the fruit of an apple tree. 

Apples.the fruit of apple trees. 

The doctor.called a physician and surgeon. 

Doctors.called physicians and surgeons. 

A berry.the fruit of a vine. 

Berries.the fruit of vines. 

The blackboard.on the wall of the room. 

The blackboards.on the walls of the room. 

Breakfast.a meal. 

Breakfast and dinner.meals. 

The boy.a child. 

The boy and the girl.children. 


62 






















THE POSTMAN 


It had my name 
That is how the 


The postman brought me a letter, 
and address written on the envelope, 
postman knew where 
to bring it. It also 
had a two-cent stamp 
on the envelope. 

The stamp was on 
the outside of the 
envelope. The let¬ 
ter was on the inside 
of the envelope. 

The postman brings 
our letters and papers 
to the house. He 
gets them from the 

post office. He carries a great many letters in his mail bag. 

The postman wears a gray cap, a gray coat and gray 
trousers. This is called the postman’s uniform. We can 
always know who he is. He goes to all the houses on our 
street. He gives letters and papers to every one. Some¬ 
times he blows a whistle, and the people come out to get 
their mail. 

The postman is paid by the United States Government. 



United States Government. 
Letter on the inside. 

Stamp on the outside. 


postman 

milkman 

iceman 


envelope 

stamp 

uniform 


post office 
mail bag 
whistle 



every one 

paid 

always 























LETTERS 


I wrote a letter to my brother. I wrote his name and 
address on the envelope. I put a two-cent stamp on the 
envelope. I dropped the letter into the mail box on the 
corner. The postman opened the box and took the letter 
to the post office. It was then put on a railroad train and 
carried to the town where my brother lives. The postman 
read the address and took the letter to my brother. The 
two cents for the stamp is paid to the United States Govern¬ 
ment. 

I sent money to my mother in the old country. I bought 
a money order at the post office. I put the money order 
in an envelope, with a letter to my mother. I wrote her 
name and address on the outside of the envelope. I then 
put a five-cent stamp on the envelope and dropped the 
letter in the mail box. The letter and money order were 
taken to my mother in Europe. 

America new country two-cent stamp 
Europe old country five-cent stamp 
corner railroad train mail box 

I take the letter to my brother to-day. 

I took the letter to my brother yesterday. 

The letter was taken by the postman. 

The postman knows where I live. 

The postman knew where to take the letter when he 
read the address. 

I write letters to my mother. 

I wrote a letter to my mother yesterday. 

The postman brings me a letter to-day. 

In some places the postman is called mailman. 

U. S. stands for United States. 

64 


town 

money order 
mail bag 


THE BATHROOM 


This is our bathroom. The floor is made of white tile. 
It can be kept very clean. The walls are painted white. 
They can be washed and kept clean. The washbasin is 
made of porcelain. It can be washed easily and kept clean. 
The bathtub is made of porcelain, and is kept clean. We 
keep every thing about the bathroom perfectly clean. 

When I come home from work in the evening I always 
take a bath. I turn the warm water into the bathtub. 
I wash myself with warm water and soap. I wash my 



hands with a brush. I wash my body with a cloth. I dry 
myself with a towel. I put on clean clothing. Then I can 
sit down with my family. 

The children take a bath every day. They play out 
on the ground. They get their hands dirty. They get 
their faces dirty. They get their bodies dirty. They 
must be kept clean. Bathing helps keep them well. 

bathtub bathing porcelain towel 

bathroom washbasin brush body 

65 


Long I — 5 
































































THE DRY GOODS STORE 


I go to the dry goods store. I buy a shirt and a pair 
of trousers for myself. I buy six yards of cloth to make 
a dress for my wife. The storekeeper measures the cloth 
with a yardstick. I buy stockings for the children. The 
storekeeper wraps them up in a bundle and I carry them 
home to my family. 

There are many other things in the dry goods store 
which my family need. There are sheets for the beds and 
pillow-cases for the pillows. There are tablecloths for 
the dining table and towels for the bathroom. There are 
shirts for the boys, dresses for the girls, and underclothing 
for us all. 

What do you buy at a dry goods store? Does the store¬ 
keeper weigh the cloth or measure it? What do you buy 
at a grocery store? Does the grocer need a yardstick, 
or scales? What do you buy at the meat market? 

dry goods inches keep bundle 

underclothing feet keeper need 

dining table yards wrap store 

How much did you pay for your gloves? 

My gloves cost me one dollar and a half ($1.50). 

How much did your hat cost? 

I paid three dollars ($3) for my hat. 

How much did your tie cost? 

My tie cost me a quarter (25^ ). 

When dollars and cents are written together, the cents 
are written after the dollars with a point between them; 
one dollar and thirty-seven cents are written $1.37. 

66 


MEASURING 


This is a foot rule. The marks on the rule show the 
inches. There are 12 inches on this rule. Measure your 
desk. It is. . . .inches long. Measure it the other way. 
It is.. . .inches wide. How thick is your desk? It is.... 
inch thick. 

Measure your book. It is.... inches long and.... inches 
wide. How wide is your hand? It is.. . .inches wide. 

Measure the door of the room. It is.feet and 

.inches high. How high is the table? It is. 

feet and.'.inches high. The door is higher than 

the table. 

Measure the top of the table. The table is longer than 
a desk and wider than a desk. 

Measure a boy. The boy is.. . .feet and.. . .inches tall. 
Measure a man. The man is... . feet and.... inches tall. 
A man is taller than a boy. A tree is taller than a man. 

This is a yardstick. The yardstick is three feet long. It 
is thirty-six inches long. Cloth is sold by the yard. Meas¬ 
ure the blackboard. The blackboard is.. . .yards and.... 
inches long. 

How high is the blackboard? It is.. . .yards and.... 
inches high. How long is the schoolroom? It is. . . .feet 
and.. . .inches long. How wide is the room? It is.. .. 
feet and.... inches wide. 

rule other long longer tall 

marks way wide wider taller 

12 inches = 1 foot 
3 feet = 1 yard 
5^ yards, or 16J feet=i rod 
67 






IRONING 

This woman is ironing. The clothes have been washed 
and dried. They are rough and full of wrinkles. The 
woman sprinkles water on the clothes to make them damp. 
She puts the iron on the stove to make it hot. She rubs 



the hot iron over the damp clothes. Now they are smooth 
and soft. They will be nice to wear. Some irons are 
heated by electricity. 


MENDING 

The woman is mending clothes. She is mending a boy’s 
coat. The boy was playing and tore a hole in his coat. 
The woman is sewing on a patch where the coat was torn. 
The woman has other mending to do. She has to sew 
buttons on the man’s clothing. She has to mend stockings 
for the family. Mending stockings is called darning. 


washing 

ironing 

rough 

soft 

cooking 

mending 

wrinkles 

heated 

baking 

darning 

sprinkles 

tore 

sewing 

electricity 

smooth 

patch 


68 






















































Spelling 


postman 

paid 

easily 

rough 

brought 

United 

perfectly 

wrinkles 

written 

States 

work 

full 

envelope 

government 

soap 

sprinkles 

knew 

dropped 

brush 

damp 

stamp 

corner 

body 

hot 

outside 

took 

bath 

smooth 

papers 

railroad 

bathing 

soft 

post office 

train 

goods 

nice 

carries 

town 

yards 

heated 

bag 

order 

wraps 

electricity 

gray 

taken 

bundle 

mending 

uniform 

Europe 

inches 

tore 

always 

bathroom 

need 

torn 

street 

tile 

underclothing 

patch 

gives 

painted 

iron 

buttons 

blows 

washbasin 

ironing 

darning 

whistle 

porcelain 

dried 

tear 


I tear a piece of paper. 

The boy tore his coat. 

The woman is sewing on a patch where the coat was 
torn. 

The heat of the stove makes the iron hot. 

Some irons are heated by electricity. 

The wind and the sun will dry the clothes. 

The clothes have been dried in the sun. 

Who tore my coat? 

Who washed the man’s clothes? 

Where were they dried? 

Who ironed them? 


69 


THE STREET CLEANER 


The street cleaner 
sweeps the street. 
He has a broom and 
a shovel. He has 
a little cart. He 
sweeps the dirt from 
the streets and 
shovels it into his 
cart. Then he carts 
the dirt away. 

The street cleaner 
keeps the streets 
clean. The dirt does 
not blow in our faces. The dirt does not make us sick. 
The city pays the street cleaner. 

THE BLACKSMITH 

The blacksmith shoes horses. He has a forge in his 
shop. He also has an anvil and many hammers. He makes 
a fire in his forge. He blows the fire with his bellows. 
He puts the iron horseshoe in the fire and blows till the 
iron is red hot. He puts the shoe on the anvil and beats 
it with his hammer into the shape he wants it. 

A horse’s foot is called a hoof. A man’s shoe is made 
of leather. A horse’s shoe is made of iron. 

The blacksmith puts tires on wagon wheels, makes 
chains and many other things with iron. He always 
works with the iron when it is hot. 

Hammers and tongs and anvils are called the black¬ 
smith’s tools. 



70 


















blacksmith 

forge 

anvil 

hammers 


bellows tires 

blows wheels 

fastens chains 

nails hoof 


THE TAILOR 


The tailor makes clothing for men. He makes coats, 
vests, pants, and overcoats. Pants are the same as trou¬ 
sers. Sometimes they are called pantaloons. A coat, 
a vest, and a pair of pants is called a suit of clothes. The 
tailor buys the cloth in large rolls. He measures the 
man to see how broad his shoulders are, how long his 
arms are, how long his legs are. He does this to see how 
large a suit to make. He cuts the suit from the cloth with 
a pair of shears. 

The tailor sews the cloth with a needle and thread. 
He sits on a table with his legs crossed under him. Some¬ 
times he sews the cloth with a sewing machine. He sews 
on the buttons with his needle and thread. He makes 
button holes with his needle. 

The tailor has a large iron. He heats the iron and 
presses the clothing with it. The tailor’s iron has a large 
handle like the neck of a goose. It is sometimes called 
a “ tailor’s goose.” 

A dressmaker makes dresses for women. She cuts 
out the dresses and sews them on a sewing machine. 

A milliner makes hats for women. She sews ribbons 
and cloth on the hats. 

shears crossed neck of a goose 

hear button holes tailor’s goose 


A stitch in time saves nine . 

7 1 


POULTRY 


Hens lay eggs. Eggs are good food. Sometimes we boil 
eggs in water. Sometimes we fry them in a frying pan. 
The hard part of the egg is called the shell. Hens are 
sometimes called chickens. The male chicken is called a 
rooster. Sometimes he is called a cock. Roosters crow in 
the morning. Hens set on eggs and hatch little chicks. 

Ducks lay eggs. 
Duck’s eggs are also 
good to eat. The 
male duck is called a 
drake. Little ducks 
are called ducklings. 
Ducks do not crow. 
They only say 
“quack! quack!” 
Chickens say ‘ ‘ cackle! 
cackle!” Ducks 
have web feet and 
can swim in the water. 
Chickens cannot swim but they can scratch in the ground. 

Geese lay eggs. A goose-egg is very large. A male 
goose is called a gander. A little goose is called a gosling. 
Geese can swim like ducks. Geese can also fly like 
chickens. 

Chickens and ducks and geese and turkeys are called 
poultry. 

They are also called fowls. The flesh of fowls is good 
meat. 



duck goose duckling geese 

drake gander gosling poultry 

72 










NURSERY RIMES 


1 

Sing a song of sixpence, 

A pocket full of rye: 

Four-and-twenty blackbirds 
Baked in a pie. 

When the pie was opened 
The birds began to sing; 

Was not that a dainty dish 
To set before the king? 

The king was in the counting-house 
Counting out his money ; 

The queen was in the parlor, 

Eating bread and honey; 

The maid was in the garden 
Hanging out the clothes; 

When up came a blackbird 
And snapped off her nose. 

2 

Jack and Jill went up the hill, 

To get a pail of water; 

Jack fell down and broke his crown 
And Jill came tumbling after. 

3 

Hickory, dickory, dock, 

The mouse ran up the clock; 

The clock struck one 
And down he run, 

Hickory, dickory, dock. 

73 


THE FLAG 



The American flag is red, white, and blue. There are 
seven red stripes and six white stripes on the flag. There 
are thirteen red and white stripes in all. These are for 
the thirteen states that first made the American Union. 

In one corner of the 
flag there is a large blue 
square. On this blue 
square there are a number 
of white stars. These 
stars stand for the dif¬ 
ferent states now in the 
United States. When a 
new state comes into the 
Union a new star is added 
to the American flag. 
There are now forty-eight 
stars on the flag. 

The flag of the United States is sometimes called the 
Red, White, and Blue. Three cheers for the Red, White, 
and Blue ! It is also called the Star-Spangled Banner. 
The American flag says that all men are created free 
and equal. It means justice and liberty for all who live 
under it. Do you not think it is a beautiful flag? 

What colors are in the American flag? What do the 
stripes stand for? What do the stars stand for? 


flag 

red 

states 

added 

justice 

stars 

white 

different 

square 

created 

stripes 

blue 

banner 

beautiful 

equal 


American thirteen seven spangled 

Union forty-eight six liberty 


74 


TIME 


The clock hangs on the wall. The clock tells us what 
time it is. The numbers on the face of the clock tell the 
number of hours and the number of minutes. The clock 
has two hands. The 
short hand points to the 
hours and the long hand 
points to the minutes. 

The pendulum keeps 
the clock going. 

When the short hand 
points to II and the 
long hand points to 
XII, it is two o’clock. 

When the long hand has 
moved on to I, it will 
be five minutes past 
two. When the long hand has moved to VI, it has 
gone halfway round the face of the clock. It is half past 
two. It is thirty minutes past two. When the long hand 
gets back to XII again, it is three o’clock. The long 
hand moves faster than the short hand. 

60 minutes make an hour. 

30 minutes make a half hour. 

15 minutes make a quarter of an hour. 

24 hours make a day. 

7 days make a week. 

4 weeks make a month. 

12 months make a year. 

I II III IIII V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 

123 4567 8 9 10 11 12 

75 











clock numbers pendulum 
hangs hours o’clock 

time minutes days 

365 days make a year. 52 weeks make a year. 


Spelling 


blacksmith 

pants 

cackle 

union 

shoes 

pantaloons 

wed 

forty-eight 

horses 

suit 

swim 

spangled 

forge 

broad 

scratch 

banner 

anvil 

crossed 

goose 

created 

hammers 

hens 

geese 

equal 

blows 

hard 

gander 

justice 

bellows 

shell 

gosling 

beautiful 

beats 

chickens 

poultry 

clock 

shape 

rooster 

fowls 

hangs 

hoof 

cock 

flag 

time 

fastens 

crow 

stripes 

minutes 

nails 

hatch 

fought 

pendulum 

tires 

ducks 

free 

o’clock 

wheels 

male 

square 

moved 

chains 

drake 

number 

past 

handles 

duckling 

stars 

way 

tailor 

quack 

different 

round 


’Tis the star-spangled banner, 

Oh long may it wave, 

O’er the land of the free 
And the home of the brave. 

America is called the land of the free. 

The American flag is called the star-spangled banner. 

76 


GARBAGE 


Garbage is the part of our food that we do not want 
to eat. The parings of the potatoes, the bones of the 
meat, the grounds of the coffee, and many other things 
have to be thrown away. We cannot eat them. They 
should be put in a garbage can. The lid should be kept 
on the garbage can because garbage soon begins to de¬ 
cay and smell bad. Flies gather on the garbage and 
then fly about the house. An open garbage can is filthy 
and will make the family sick. The garbage can should 
be washed often to keep it clean. Garbage should never 
be thrown into the alley. 

The city has the garbage taken away from our houses. 
Every few days a man drives a garbage wagon down the 
alley. The garbage is taken from the can and thrown 
into the wagon. It is taken away and burned. This 
keeps the city clean. Every one should help keep the 
city clean. A dirty city makes the people sick. 

garbage bones thrown alley drives 

parings grounds filthy decay gather 

The woman has cooked meat for dinner every day. 

We eat breakfast in the morning. 

We ate breakfast yesterday morning. 

We had eaten breakfast before you came. 

The sun rises in the east. 

The sun rose in the east yesterday morning. 

The sun had risen in the east before I got up this morn¬ 
ing. 

I keep the lid on my garbage can. 

I kept the lid on my garbage can yesterday. 

77 


A TALK WITH THE DOCTOR 

Good morning, Dr. Smith. Our little girl is sick this 
morning. 

I am sorry to hear that, Mr. Jones. Is she very sick? 
Is she sitting up, or going about the house? 

No. She is so sick she did not get up this morning. 

Does her head ache ? 

Yes. She has some headache. 

What has she been eating ? 

She drank some milk for her supper. 

Was the milk sweet when she drank it? Had the bot¬ 
tle been carefully washed and the milk put on the ice? 

Yes. I think the milk was sweet. 

What else did she have for supper? 

There was a dish of beans on the table. She ate a 
good many of them. 

Were the beans fresh? Had they just been cooked for 
supper ? 

No. Mrs. Jones had cooked them for dinner and they 
were cold at supper time. 

Had they been on the ice? Were they still fresh and 
sweet ? 

I do not know. I did not taste them. 

That may be the trouble. She has eaten sour vege¬ 
tables. Here is some medicine for her. Good morning, 
Mr. Jones. 

Good morning, Dr. Smith. 

The woman bakes bread to-day. 

The woman baked bread yesterday. 

The woman has baked bread every day this week. 

The woman cooks meat for dinner. 

78 


THE CARPENTER 


The carpenter builds houses of wood. He cuts the 
boards with a saw and smooths them with a plane. He 
fastens the boards 
on the houses with 
nails. He drives 
in the nails with 
his hammer. He 
makes square holes 
in the wood with 
his chisel. He bores 
round holes with an 
auger. The carpen¬ 
ter puts hinges on 
doors with screws. 

He puts the screws 
in with a screw 
driver. He puts latches on the doors to keep them shut. 
We turn the latch with the knob when we want to open the 
door. We lock the door with a key. 

The carpenter makes the roofs of his houses of shingles. 
He lays one shingle on another so that the water will not 
run into the house. He fastens the shingles on with nails. 
The carpenter also lays floors, puts in windows, and does 
many other things with wood. 

Saws, hammers, chisels, planes, and augers are called 
carpenter’s tools. 

The carpenter cuts boards with a. He smooths 

them with a. He makes square holes with a. 

He makes round holes with an. The carpenter 

drives nails with a. He drives screws with a. 

79 

































































THE BLIND MAN 


I will tell you about a blind man. He cannot see. He 
cannot go about as you and I can. He cannot see the 
automobiles and the wagons. He has to have some one to 
lead him all the time. He cannot work for a living as 
you and I can. Some blind men can make brooms and 
some can tune pianos. But most of them cannot work. 
The state takes care of blind people. They are taken care 
of in an asylum. 

I will tell you about a lame man. He has lost one of 
his legs. He has to walk with a crutch. But he can go 
about and work for a living. 

When a man cannot hear he is deaf. He cannot hear 
other people talk. He cannot hear the street cars and the 
automobiles. But he can go about and make a living. 
He does not have to stay in an asylum. 

Some people cannot talk. They are dumb. But they 
can see and hear, and go about. They can write and read. 
They can make a living. 

The teacher sits on a chair. 

The teacher sat on a chair last night. 

The teacher has sat on a chair every night. 

The children drink milk for supper. 

The children drank milk for supper last night. 

The children have drunk milk for supper every night. 

The man wears a coat. 

The man wore a coat yesterday. 

The man has worn a coat every day this week. 

I bend my arm at the elbow. 

The man stood in the door as I came in. 

The man has stood on the corner all day. 

80 


THE PAINTER 



The painter paints houses. Paint is made of lead and 
mixed with oil. The painter puts the paint on the wood 
with a brush. He covers 
the wood all over with 
the paint. The paint 
keeps the water away 
from the wood. Painted 
wood will not decay. 

Some paint is white. 

Some is red, and some 
green or blue. 

The painter has ladders 
to climb up on. He has 
ropes and a long board 
to stand on as he paints 
the walls of the house. 

Sometimes he paints the roof of the house. 

The wood on the inside of a house is covered with varnish. 
You can see through varnish. Varnish does not color the 
wood. Tables and chairs are varnished. 


paint 

lead 

mixed 

ladders 

painter 

oil 

painted 

ropes 

decay 

climb 

varnish 

varnished 

blind 

crutch 

chair 

asylum 

deaf 

cane 

broom 

piano 

lame 

brush 

wagon 

people 

see 

roof 

corner 

shingles 

hear 

inside 

coat 

windows 

walk 

outside 

elbow 

carpenter 

Long I — 6 


81 



















THE SHOEMAKER 


The shoemaker mends our shoes. He cuts patches out 
of leather and sews them on the shoes to cover the holes. 
He makes holes in the leather with a long awl, and then 

draws threads through 
these holes. The shoe¬ 
maker’s threads are 
covered with wax, and 
are pointed at the 
end with bristles. The 
threads are drawn very 
tight so that the patch 
will keep the water 
out. 

The shoemaker puts 
new soles on our shoes. 
He puts a piece of 
sole leather on the 
bottom of the shoe. Then he makes round holes in the 
leather with a short awl. 

Into these round holes he drives square wooden pegs. 
These make the soles fit tight, and the water cannot get 
in. 

The shoemaker has a last. It is like a wooden foot. He 
puts it into the shoe when he works with it. The last 
makes the shoe firm. 

The awl and the hammer are the shoemaker’s tools. 

awl bristles patch leather 

mends cuts sews wooden 

sole hole threads tight 



82 

















































THE PARK 


In the summer we go to the park on Sundays. The 
ground is covered with green grass. It is soft to walk on. 
There are many trees in the park. There are pretty shrubs 
in the park. There are beautiful flowers there. There 
are benches to sit on. The children roll on the grass. They 
run and play. 

We eat our lunch in the park. We sit on the ground. 

We spread papers on the ground and place our food on 
them. We have sandwiches for our lunch. We'have 
fruit for our lunch. We have cakes and pies. We get 
water from the drinking fountain and make lemonade. 

After we have eaten our lunch, we run and play on the 
grass. We play ball. We play “drop the handkerchief.” 
We have good times in the park. The air is fresh and it 
is good for us. The city pays for the park so that the people 
can have a place to play. 


Where shall we eat our lunch? 
Where do we sit in the park? 


park 

grass 

benches 

lunch 

trees 

pretty 

spread 

handkerchief 

shrubs 

roll 

sandwiches 

lemonade 

flowers 

run 

drinking 

fountain 


All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 


ioo one hundred 
200 two hundred 
300 three hundred 
400 four hundred 
500 five hundred 


600 six hundred 
700 seven hundred 
800 eight hundred 
900 nine hundred 
1000 one thousand 


THE PLASTERER 


The lather nails lath on the walls and ceilings of rooms. 
The plasterer takes his trowel and spreads plaster over 
the lath. Plaster is made of lime, sand, and water mixed 

in a box like mortar. 
When plaster dries it gets 
very hard and makes a 
smooth wall. The last 
coat of plaster is called 
the white coat. It makes 
a nice, white wall. 

The walls are then 
covered with calcimine. 
The ceilings are usually 
white, or some light color. 
But the walls are colored, 
some yellow, some brown, 
and some blue or green. 
The calcimine is. mixed in a pail and put on the wall with 
a wide brush. 

Sometimes walls are covered with wall paper. It is 
made in wide strips with figures of different forms and 
colors. The back of these strips is covered with paste 
and the paper is pasted on the walls. The man who puts 
paper on the walls is called a paper-hanger. The paper- 
hanger has ladders to climb up on, and long scissors to 
cut the paper with. 


lath 

calcimine 

strips 

paste 

lather 

wall paper 

figures 

pasted 

plaster 

bucket 

forms 

hang 

plasterer 

brush 

usually 

hanger 



84 





























































































FILL THE BLANKS WITH HAS OR HAVE 


The man.a hat on his head. 

The men.hats on their heads. 

The room.four walls. 

Rooms.four walls. 

The child.two grandfathers and two grandmothers. 

Children.two grandfathers and two grandmothers. 

The butcher. . . .a large knife to cut the meat with. 

Butchers.large knives to cut the meat with. 

The milkman.an ice-box in his wagon. 

Milkmen.ice-boxes in their wagons. 

The blacksmith.a forge in his shop. 

Blacksmiths.forges in their shops. 

We.sandwiches and fruit for our lunch. 

The man.sandwiches and fruit for his lunch. 

The man.brothers and sisters. 

The man and woman.brothers and sisters. 

The man.four pockets in his coat. 

We.four pockets in our coats. 

101 one hundred one 

102 one hundred two 
130 one hundred thirty 

125 one hundred twenty-five 
146 one hundred forty-six 

What does the lather do ? 

What does the plasterer do ? 

What does the paper-hanger do ? 

What does the painter do ? 

What does the blind man do? 

What does the doctor do? 

What does the carpenter do? 

85 



















THE STREET CAR 


We ride to our work in a street car. The street car is 
run by the motorman. We pay our fare to the conductor. 

We take a transfer 
if we want to change 
cars. The car runs 
on a track. The 
track is made of two 
steel rails. The 
wheels of the car run 
on these rails. 
When the conductor 
rings the bell once, 
the motorman stops 
the car. When he 
rings the bell twice, 

the motorman starts the car. 

The street car is a good thing for us. It takes us to 
our work. It takes us to our homes again. It takes us to 
the park. It takes us to the city. We ride many miles 
for a few cents. We could not walk so far. In some places 
a street car is called a trolley car. 

Sometimes we go on the elevated cars. The elevated 
track is high above the street. We pay our fare at the gate. 
Elevated cars run very fast. They do not stop as often as 
the street cars. They stop only at the stations. 


street cars 

transfer 

stop 

ring 

elevated cars 

stairs 

start 

bell 

conductor 

stations 

once 

climb 

motorman 

platform 

twice 

ride 

change 

steel 

miles 

gate 



86 










































THE PLUMBER 


The plumber puts water pipes in the houses. The pipes 
come from the large water pipes under the ground. The 
pipes go to the sink in the kitchen. They go to the wash¬ 
basin and the bathtub in the bathroom. Then they go 
to the sewer under the ground. The pipes bring water to 
the sink. They bring water to the bathroom. We use 
the water to cook with. We use the water to wash with. 
The water comes out of the faucets. 

After we have washed the dishes we pour the water into 
the sink. After we have washed our hands we open the 
pipe in the washbasin. After we have taken our bath 
we open the pipe in the bathtub. The water runs down 
the pipes into the sewer. It carries the dirt away from the 
house. 

plumber sewer faucet pour pipes 

FILL THE BLANKS WITH THIS OR THESE 

.is my hand. 

.are my hands. 

.room has five windows. 

.desks are made of wood and iron. 

.coat is made of cloth. 

.sleeves are in my coat. 

.pencil is made of wood and lead. 

.gloves cost me $1.00. 

.book is made of paper. 

.pages are all numbered. 

.man sits in the seat in front of me. 

.blackboard is black and smooth. 

.blackboards are all black and smooth. 


87 















BE CLEAN 


Do not spit in the house. Do not spit in the schoolhouse. 
Do not spit in any public hall. Do not spit in a street car. 
Do not spit on the sidewalk. Spitting is filthy and will 
make others sick. It is against the law, and the police¬ 
man will arrest you. If you must spit use your handker¬ 
chief. Do not blow your nose on the sidewalk. Use your 
handkerchief. 

Before you come into the house you should clean your 
shoes. That will help keep the house clean. Be quiet 
about the house. Do not speak loud or roughly to the 
children or any one about the house. That will help make 
your home quiet and happy. Do not wear your hat in 
the house. Do not wear your hat in any public hall. A 
gentleman always takes off his hat when he goes into a house. 

There should be screens on the windows and doors in 
the summer to keep the flies out. Flies are dirty and they 
will make the family sick. The windows of your bedroom 
should be open at night even in winter, so that you will have 
fresh air to breathe. 


spit 

sidewalk 

handkerchief 

rough 

public 

against 

quiet 

happy 

hall 

arrest 

gentleman 

breathe 

screen 

law 

loud 

clean 


This knife has a blade and a handle. 
These knives all have blades and handles. 
That hat cost me $2.50. 

Those shoes cost me $3.25. 

I like this hat better than that. 

That knife is sharper than this. 


88 


BE CAREFUL 


Do not step off a street car when it is moving. You 
might fall and get hurt. Wait until the car stops. Do not 
try to get on a street car when it is moving. Your foot 
might slip and you would get hurt. Wait until the car 
stops. Always look out for automobiles when you are 
crossing the street. 

Always look out for the automobile, the motor truck, 
or the motorcycle. They run very fast and might hurt 
you. Wait until they go by. Never walk on a railroad 
track. The cars might come and hurt you. 

Be careful to turn off the gas when you want to put out 
the light. Be careful that the gas jet does not leak. Do 
not hang collars or clothing on the gas jet. You might 
turn on the gas. If you breathe gas it will kill you. 

Do not have a revolver, or gun of any kind about the 
house. The children might get it and shoot some one. 
They do not know how dangerous it is. Be careful of the 
matches. Something might strike them and set fire to 
your house. 


Short Words 

Mr. stands for mister. A man is called Mister. Mr. 
James Brown was here to-day. 

Mrs. stands for mistress. A married woman is called 
Mistress. Mrs. Brown came with Mr. Brown. 

A woman who is not married is called Miss. Miss Jessie 
Brown came with her father and mother, Mr. and Mrs. 
Brown. 

Dr. stands for Doctor. M.D. stands for Doctor of Medi¬ 
cine. Dr. John Smith, or John Smith, M.D. 

89 


THE POLICEMAN 


The policeman wears a blue cap, blue trousers, and a 
blue coat with many brass buttons. This is called the 
policeman’s uniform. On his coat he wears a star to show 

that he is an officer of the law. He 
also carries a club in his belt to strike 
bad people who want to fight with him. 

The policeman takes care of the people. 
He keeps us from getting hurt by street 
cars and automobiles. He keeps thieves 
from robbing us on the streets. If any 
one gets hurt on the street, the police¬ 
man sends for an ambulance. If a horse 
runs away the policeman will stop it. 
If there is a mad dog on the street the 
policeman will shoot it. If we cannot 
find our way we ask the policeman. 
The policeman is our friend. 

The policeman looks after our property. He is out on 
the street all night. If a house takes fire in the night he 
sends in the fire alarm. He walks all around to see that 
no one breaks into our stores or our houses. He will not 
let robbers take things that belong to us. If any one tries 
to steal from us he will arrest him and take him to the police- 
station. 

The policeman looks after our children. He watches 
to see that they do not get hurt by wagons or street cars. 
He watches to see that they do not play in dangerous places. 
If our children get lost the policeman hunts them up and 
brings them home again. Our children should obey the 
policeman. The city pays the policeman. 



90 























THE FIREMAN 


The fireman keeps our houses from burning up. He 
wears a rubber helmet to keep the fire and water from fall¬ 
ing on his head. He wears a rubber coat so that the water 
does not make his clothing wet. He wears rubber gloves 
so that his hands 
do not get wet and 
cold. He carries an 
ax at his belt, to cut 
through the wall to 
the fire. 

When a house is 
found to be on fire, 
some one runs to 
the nearest firebox 
and turns in the 
alarm. This rings 
a bell in an engine- 
house where the firemen are. The men spring from 
their chairs or their beds and put on their clothing. Then 
they jump upon the fire-engine wagon and rush to the fire, 
as fast as they can go. 

The firemen have long hose to carry the water up on the 
houses, and they pour it on the fire. They have engines 
to pump the water through the hose and make it go high. 
They have long ladders, on which they climb far up the 
walls of the houses. Sometimes they go into burning 
houses and carry out women and children, to keep them from 
burning. 

policeman star automobiles ambulance 

brass club thieves mad dog 



9i 





A Study of Words 


moving 

automobile 

railroad 

wait 

motor truck careful 

hurt 

motorcycle 

gas jet 

leak 

gun 

dangerous 

A.M. forenoon 


Jan. January 

P.M. afternoon 

Feb. February 

oz. ounce 


Mch. March 

lb. pound 


Apr. April 

pt. pint 


Aug. August 

qt. quart 


Sept. September 

pk. peck 


Oct. October 

bu. bushel 


Nov. November 

ft. feet 


Dec. December 

yd. yard 


P. 0 . post office 

st. street 


U. S. United States 

Use 

the Right 

Word 


The man is writing on the desk before. 

The woman is writing on the desk before. 

We put salt on our meat before we eat. 

We put salt on our potatoes before we eat. 

The iceman weighs the ice on.scales. 

We put our meat and milk in.ice-box. 

If meat is not put on the ice.will spoil. 

If vegetables are not put on the ice.will rot. 

When the postman blows his whistle the people come 
out to get.mail. 

The policeman brings my child back to. 

The policeman brings your child back to. 

The policeman brings his child back to. 

The policeman brings her child back to. 

92 















FILL THE BLANKS WITH THE RIGHT WORDS 


This is a foot rule. The marks on the rule show the 
inches. There are 12 inches on this rule. 

Measure your desk. It is.inches long. Measure 

it the other way. It is.inches wide. How thick is 

your desk? It is.inches thick. Measure your 

book. 

It is.inches long and.inches wide. How wide 

is your hand ? It is.inches wide. 

Measure the door of the room. It is.feet and 

.inches high. 

How high is the table? 

It is.feet and.inches high. The door is higher 

than the table. Measure the top of the table. The table 
is longer than a desk and wider than a desk. 

Measure a boy. The boy is.feet and.inches 

tall. 

Measure a man. The man is.feet and. 

inches tall. A man is taller than a boy. A tree is taller 
than a man. 

This is a yardstick. The yardstick is three feet long. 
It is thirty-six inches long. 

Cloth is sold by the yard. Measure the blackboard. 
The blackboard is.yards and.inches long. 

How high is the blackboard ? It is.yard and. 

inches high. How long is the schoolroom ? It is. 

feet and.inches long. 

How wide is the room? It is.feet and. 

inches wide. 

How many inches make a foot? 

How many feet make a yard ? 


93 
























HOLIDAYS 


The first day of January is a holiday. January is the 
first month of the year, and the first day of January is 
the first day of the year. It is called New Year’s Day. 

The 22nd day of February is a holiday. It is Washing¬ 
ton’s birthday. 

The 30th day of May is a holiday. It is called Memorial 
Day, or Decoration Day. It is the day when we remem¬ 
ber the dead soldiers and decorate their graves with flags 
and flowers. 

The 4th day of July is a holiday. It is called Inde¬ 
pendence Day. It was the day on which the American 
colonies declared themselves free from England. 

The last Thursday in November is a holiday. It is 
Thanksgiving Day. It is the day when we give thanks 
to God for the good things he has given us. 

The 25th day of December is Christmas Day. 

The 12th day of February is a holiday in some states. It 
is the birthday of Abraham Lincoln. 

The first Monday in September is a holiday in some 
states. It is Labor Day. It is the day when laboring men 
march in a parade. 

The 12th day of October is a holiday in some states. 
It was the day when Columbus first landed on the shores 
of America. It is called Columbus Day. 

Thirty days has September, 

April, June, and November. 

All the rest have thirty-one 
Except February, which alone 
Has twenty-eight, and one day more 
We add to it, one year in four. 

94 


FILL THE BLANKS WITH THE RIGHT WORDS 

A man in our school told_ that.... came to America 

in 1906.said that . . . .brother came with. 

said that. . . .landed in New York, and went to the home 
of.sister.did not know that.were com¬ 
ing, but was glad to see.put on.. . .best dress, 

and gave.a good dinner. After.had eaten. 

dinner, . . . asked about.father and mother in the 

old country.told.that .... were both well. .. . 

told.... that.parents would like to see.chil¬ 
dren, but it was so far that.could not come. 

asked.what.were going to do, and.said 

that.were going to get some work, and then 

learn to speak English, so that.could get a 

better job.told.that the best place 

to learn English was in an evening school.asked 

where.could find one, and.told.she 

knew where there was one, and.would take. 

to.that evening.all went together 

that evening and found many people there learning 

English.learned very fast and were soon able 

to get good work. 

The man told.this story in good English, and 

.were very much pleased.wishes that.... 

could speak as good English as.did.tries 

hard, but.cannot learn .... so fast. 


95 



































AMERICA 


My country, ’tis of thee, 
Sweet land of liberty, 

Of thee I sing. 

Land where my fathers died, 
Land of the Pilgrims’ pride, 
From every mountain side, 
Let freedom ring. 

My native country thee, 

Land of the noble free, 

Thy name I love ; 

I love thy rocks and rills, 

Thy woods and templed hills; 
My heart with rapture thrills 
Like that above. 

Our fathers’ God, to Thee, 
Author of liberty, 

To Thee we sing : 

Long may our land be bright 
With freedom’s holy light; 
Protect us by Thy might, 
Great God, our King. 


96 




READER FOR 
NEW AMERICANS 

BOOK ONE —PART TWO 
THE NEW YEAR 

This is the new year. It is the year 19. The second 

term of evening school begins to-night. The date is Jan¬ 
uary., 19. 

We have read the first part of our book and are begin¬ 
ning the second part. We have learned the English names 
of many things, and we can talk a little in English with 
the men and women we meet. 

It is winter now. The nights are long and cold. When 
the sun crosses the sky at noon it is far toward the south. 
It does not shine warm as it does in summer. It does not 
make the earth and the air warm. 

The days are short. It is dark when we go to work in 
the morning, and it is dark when we come home from work 
in the evening. That is why the winds are so cold. That 
is why there is so much snow and ice on the ground. The 
sun does not shine long enough to make the earth warm. 
The days are too short. 

The shortest day of the year is December 21st. 

two — Every man has two hands. 

to — It is dark when we go to work. 

too — The days are too short to warm the earth. 

Long I — 7 97 







HEATING OUR HOUSES 


The nights and days are so cold that we have fire in 
our houses to keep us warm. We have a stove in the 
sitting room. We burn coal in this stove. The stovepipe 
passes into the chimney through a hole in the wall. In 
this way the smoke is drawn out of the house. There is 

no smoke in the room. 
The stove is made of 
iron. The stovepipe is 
made of sheet iron. The 
chimney is made of bricks 
and mortar. They will 
not burn. 

The ashes from the fire 
fall down into the ash- 
pan. Then we carry 
them out and throw them 
into the ash-box in the 
alley. Then a man 
comes with a wagon and 
hauls them away. They 
are dumped into some vacant lot or some hole far away. 
The man is paid by the city to keep the alleys clean. 
Ashes should not be thrown in the alley, but always in the 
ash-box. 

Some people have a furnace in the basement. The 
fire in the fire-pot makes the air in the furnace hot. This 
heated air then passes through large pipes into the rooms 
above. It makes the house warm. There is no stove and 
no ashes in the house. The furnace helps keep the house 
clean. 



98 















































Some people live in a flat. All the rooms are on one 
floor. There are flats above them, and below them. Some 
houses or flats are heated with steam. There is a boiler in 
the basement. 

Water is put into the boiler, and a fire is made in the 
fire-box under it. The fire heats the water until it be¬ 
comes steam. 

The steam passes through small pipes up into the radi¬ 
ators in the rooms above. The steam makes the radiators 
hot, and that makes the room warm. Steam is the cleanest 
heat. 


furnace 

boiler 

radiator 


chimney hauls steam 

smoke vacant flat 

ashes dumped pipes 


clean The floors in our house are clean, 

cleaner A furnace is cleaner than a stove, 

cleanest Steam heat is the cleanest heat. 


MINING COAL 

We burn coal in our stoves and in our furnaces to keep 
us warm in winter. Coal is found in mines. The mines 
are far down under the ground. 

Men go down a deep hole called a shaft to dig out the 
coal. They go up and down the shaft in a cage, like an 
elevator. 

The men who go down into the mines and dig out the coal 
are called miners. Each miner has a pick, a shovel, a 
long rod of iron called a drill, and many small bags of 
powder. It is so dark down there in the mine that each 
miner has a little lamp stuck in his cap. 

99 


With his pick and his drill the miner first makes several 
holes in the coal. Into each one of these holes he puts 

a small bag of powder. 
Then he sets fire to the 
powder and explodes it. 
This blows out a great 
heap of coal. He then 
takes his shovel and 
loads the coal into small 
cars. These are then 
hauled to the foot of the 
shaft, and raised to the 
top of the ground. The 
coal is then loaded into 
railroad cars and brought 
to the city. It is sold to 
the coal man, and we buy it from him. 

What we burn in our stoves and our furnaces is called 
fuel. Coal is the best fuel. 


fuel 

pick 

powder 

cage 

mine 

gas 

shovel 

lamp 

elevator 

miner 

coal 

drill 

shaft 

expensive 

heap 

burn 

loads 

several 

stoves 

haul 

brought 

sold 

explodes 

furnaces 

railroad 



The best coal is called anthracite. 

It is hard coal. 

It burns with but little smoke. 

It makes a very hot fire. 

Another kind of coal is called bituminous coal. 
It burns with a great smoke. 

Bituminous coal is used in many factories. 


ioo 


































































LIGHTING OUR HOUSES 


The nights are long and dark in winter. We have 
lights in our houses so that we can see to eat our supper. 
Sometimes we burn kerosene. The kerosene is put into 
a lamp, and the oil is drawn up to the burner through a 
wick. We put a glass chimney over the light, to keep 
the wind from blowing it out, and to make it burn brighter. 

Sometimes we burn gas for 
light. Gas is made from coal. 

It is brought through long pipes 
to the gas jets in our houses. 

The gas pipes are laid under the 
ground. If you want light, you 
turn on the gas at the gas jet, 
and light the gas. Gas makes 
a better light than kerosene. 

It is brighter, and it is cleaner. 

But you must be careful to turn off the gas when it is not 
lighted. You must not let gas escape into the room. If 
you breathe gas it will kill you. 

Sometimes we use electricity to give us light. Electric¬ 
ity is brought into the houses by wires. The wires end 
in glass bulbs which have very fine wires in them. You 
push a button on the wall and the bulb is full of light. 
You push another button and the room is dark. Electric¬ 
ity makes the brightest light. Electricity makes the 
cleanest light. Electricity makes the best light. 



Kerosene makes a bright light. 

Gas makes a brighter light. 
Electricity makes the brightest light. 


IOI 











































LIGHTING THE STREETS 


The streets of the city are lighted by electricity. There 
are electric light poles along the sides of the streets. Glass 
globes are placed on these poles, and the wires run to 
these globes. 

Sometimes the wires are run under the 
ground, and sometimes they are on poles 
above our heads. It is better and safer 
to have the wires run under the ground. 

When the sun goes down the electricity 
is turned on. Then all the streets are 
light. The street cars do not run over 
you. The automobiles do not hit you. 
You do not fall and get hurt. You can 
see where you are going. 

You should never pick up a wire that 
is hanging from one of these poles. It 
might have electricity in it, and it would 
kill you. 

The city pays to have the streets lighted at night. The 
city tries to keep people safe. 

The signs on the stores are lighted by electricity. They 
tell you what you can buy in those stores. Sometimes 
these signs are very large. Sometimes they are made of 
colored light. Sometimes they keep going out and coming 
on again. These signs help to keep the streets light at 
night. 

St. stands for street. 

There are many electric lights on State St. 

lighted poles signs automobiles 

lighting globes sides electricity 



102 












THE COW 


The cow is one of our best friends. She gives us milk 
for our children to drink. Milk is one of our best foods. 
A man could live on milk alone, and a baby cannot live 
without milk. 

When milk stands in a pail, the cream rises to the top. 
Cream is made up of little sacs of oil, or fat. When 
cream is put into a 
churn and beaten 
about, the little 
sacs are broken and 
the oil rises to the 
top. Then it is 
called butter, and we 
eat it on our bread. 

If the rest of the milk is allowed to stand, it gets sour 
and thick. If it is then put into a press a,nd the water 
pressed out, it is cheese. 

The flesh of the cow is beef. It may be fried, or roasted, 
or boiled. It is our best meat. 

The skin of a cow is made into leather. It is tanned 
and the hair taken off. Leather is made into shoes, 
and many other useful things. 

The cow gives us milk and butter and cheese and beef 
and leather. The cow is a very useful animal. 

cow alone sacs churn thick useful 

friends without oil allowed tanned animals 

We use leather for making many things. 

Our shoes are made of leather. 

Leather is very useful. 

103 















DAIRIES 


We do not keep cows in the city. The milk for the 
people in the city is brought in from the dairies in the 
country. A large number of cows are kept on a dairy 
farm. They eat the grass in the summer, and are fed 
hay, corn, and other foods in winter. Every morning and 

every evening the cows 
are driven to the dairy 
barn and milked. A large 
number of cows is called 
a herd. The keeper of 
the herd of dairy cows 
should give them the 
cleanest and best food to 
eat, and the cleanest 
water to drink. Good 
food and good water make 
good milk. The cows 
should be kept clean. The dairy barn should be kept clean. 
The men who milk the cows should keep themselves 
clean. If the milk is not kept clean it will make the 
children sick. 

The milk is put into cans and taken to the railroad 
station. When the train comes these cans of milk are put 
into the cars that are lined with ice. They are called re¬ 
frigerator cars. They keep the milk cool while it is being 
taken to the city. In the city the milk is taken to the 
milk station. Here it is put into bottles ready for the 
, milkman. The milk station should be kept very clean. 
The milk cans should be kept very clean. The milk bot¬ 
tles should be kept clean. 

104 


































Sometimes the milk is made into butter at the dairy 
farm. The cream is separated from the milk by a ma¬ 
chine called a separator. The cream is then put into a 
large churn and churned into butter. The butter is sold 
to the groceries in the city. 

dairy fed herd separated 

dairies hay lined separator 

A separator is a machine that separates cream from 

milk. 

Butter is churned in a churn. 

THE HORSE 

The horse and the cow are tame animals. They work 
for us. They will stay about the house. They are called 
domestic animals. 

The horse draws the coal wagon. He draws the lumber 
wagon. He draws the delivery wagon. He draws the 
farmer’s plow. He hauls the farmer’s hay. The horse 
is strong and can pull heavy loads. 

The horse is hitched to a wagon by the harness. The 
harness is made of leather. The part of the harness on 
his head is called the bridle. The part about the horse’s 
neck is called the collar. The long pieces that go from 
the collar to the wagon are called the tugs, or traces. 
The man drives the horses with long lines. 

Some men ride on horses. They put bridles on the 
heads of horses. They put saddles on their backs. The 
men sit in the saddles, and put their feet in the stirrups. 
They guide the horse by the reins. The horse can go 
very fast. The horse can go very far. A man cannot 

105 


walk as fast or as far as a horse can go. The horse is 
a very useful animal. A young horse is called a colt. 

Domestic animals live about the house. 

Pigs are domestic animals. Chickens are domestic 
fowls. They are useful to men. 

Wild animals live in the woods. Bears are wild animals. 
Wolves are wild animals. They do not work for men. 

Questions 

On what date did the evening school open for the new 
year? 

Evening school opened for the new year on., 

19 . 

Are the days long or short in winter ? 

The days are.in winter. 

Are the nights long or short in winter ? 

The nights are.in winter. 

How is your house heated in winter ? 

Our house is heated by a.in winter. 

What fuel do you burn to heat your house in winter? 

We burn.to heat the house. 

Where is coal found? 

Coal is found in. 

What light do you use in your house? 

We use.to light our house at night. 

How are the streets of the city lighted? 

The streets of the city are lighted by. 

Who pays for lighting the streets of the city? 

.pays for lighting the streets. 

What does the cow give us? 

The cow gives us., and., and., and 

.,and. 


106 

















Spelling 


to-night 

heated 

best 

friend 

first 

fiat 

burner 

oil 

second 

boiler 

kerosene 

churn 

date 

steam 

brighter 

skin 

beginning 

radiator 

gas-jet 

useful 

part 

drives 

escape 

animal 

sky 

cleanest 

electricity 

keep 

enough 

shaft 

bulbs 

dairy 

sitting 

dig 

brightest 

horse 

chimney 

elevator 

safe 

tame 

smoke 

pick 

globes 

domestic 

ashes 

shovel 

tugs 

strong 

alley 

drill 

traces 

draws 

wagon 

powder 

poles 

guide 

haul 

lamp 

tries 

pulls 

dumped 

money 

automobile 

harness 

vacant 

expense 

hanging 

bridle 

pay 

fuel 

signs 

neck 

thrown 

mine 

cow 

collar 


saddle lines reins 


Where does the milk for the people in the city come 
from? 

The milk for the people in the city comes from. 

in the country. 

Is the cow a domestic animal? 

Name two other domestic animals. 

Where do domestic animals live? 


cow 

Pig 

sheep 

beef 

pork 

mutton 

milk 

ham 

* 

wool 


107 




STONE 


Some houses are built of stone. The man who builds 
stone houses is called a stone mason. Stone is found in 
quarries. Men drill holes in the stone and put in blasts of 
powder. When the powder is exploded it breaks the stone 
in pieces. This is called quarrying stone. These pieces 
are then split and broken into pieces small enough to 
build into a wall. 

The stone mason spreads mortar with his trowel, just 
as the bricklayer does, and lays the stones upon the wall. 
Stone walls are very thick and strong. 

Sandstone is made of sand. It is soft stone. It is used 
in building small buildings. Limestone is made of lime 
and clay. It is hard stone and is used in building larger 
buildings. 

Marble is a very hard stone. Marble is so hard that 
it can be polished. It is used for the inside of buildings, 
for hallways, stairways, and entrances. 

Marble is generally white, but it may be streaked with 
blue. Granite is a kind of marble. It is generally red, 
mixed with some other color. Granite blocks are used for 
paving streets. 


mason 

blasts 

sandstone 

marble 

polish 

quarries 

exploded 

limestone 

granite 

streaked 

color 

hallway 

stairway 

entrance 

mortar 

built 

drill 

exploded 

trowel 

spreads 


hard Sandstone is hard. 

harder Limestone is harder than sandstone. 

hardest Granite is the hardest stone. 


108 


THE DRUGSTORE 


Drugs are sold at drugstores. The man who keeps the 
drugstore is called a druggist. When you are sick you 
go to see the doctor. The doctor gives you a prescription 
for the medicine you need. Medicines are made of drugs. 
You take the prescrip¬ 
tion to the drugstore. 

The prescription tells the 
druggist what drugs he 
must use. He takes the 
drugs as the prescription 
tells him. He mixes 
them together and makes 
the medicine you need. 

The druggist must 
know about drugs. 

Some drugs are poison¬ 
ous. They would kill 
you if you should take 
them. The druggist must know what drugs are poisonous, 
and what are not. He must not put poisons into your 
medicine. You should not keep poison about the house. 
The children might take it and it would kill them. 

Drugstores have many patent medicines. These medi¬ 
cines are already mixed. Some of them are good and some 
are not. The best way is to go to a doctor. He will know 
what medicine you need. 

What is the man called who keeps a drugstore? What 
do you buy at a drugstore? 

drug medicine doctor mixes poison 

druggist prescription patent already poisonous 

109 








































































THE BAKERY 


Sometimes we do not bake our bread at home. We buy 
it from the baker. The baker has a large oven. His oven 
is not in a stove. His oven is made of brick. He uses 
wood for fuel when he bakes. The baker buys flour by 
the barrel. He makes up many loaves of bread. He mixes 

his dough in a large 
trough. He puts a 
great many loaves of 
bread into the oven 
at one time. He 
bakes many loaves 
of bread at once. 
In the morning he 
puts the loaves of 
bread into a wagon 
and sells them to the 
grocers. We buy the 
bread at the grocery. 

The baker bakes cakes and pies, too. He has a store 
where he sells his goods. The baker’s store is called a 
bakery. Bread and cakes and pies are called bakery goods. 

The baker does his baking at night. He wants to have 
his bread fresh for his customers in the morning. His 
shop should be very clean. If the baker’s shop is dirty the 
dirt will get into the bread. Dirty bread will make us sick. 

What do you buy at the bakery? What is the baker’s 
oven made of? What does he use for fuel? If a loaf of 
bread costs 5c. what do three loaves cost? 

bake dough trough loaves oven 

baker though enough customers grocery 



no 




































































AUTOMOBILES 


The automobile is run by an engine. The engine is 
run by gasoline., The automobile runs very fast. It does 
not get tired as a horse does. It does not get hot in warm 
weather. The tires of the wheels are made of rubber. 
They are hollow and 
have to be pumped 
full of air. Auto¬ 
mobile is a long 
word. We make 
it short by saying 
auto. 

Sometimes the 
auto will not run. 

The engine will not 
work, or the tire has 
had a puncture. 

The auto has to be 
taken to the shop to be mended. The shop where autos 
are mended is called a garage. 

The motor truck also is run by a gasoline engine. Mo¬ 
tor trucks haul very big loads. They do not get tired or 
hot, as horses do. They do not eat hay or corn, but you 
must buy gasoline for them. Motor trucks do not run as 
fast as the autos do, but children should look out for them. 

The motorcycle is like a bicycle. It has only two wheels, 
but it is run by a gasoline engine. The motorcycle runs 
very fast. If it should strike you, it would hurt you. 

We should be very careful when we cross the streets in 
the city. There are many things which might hurt us. 
Children should be very careful about playing in the streets. 



hi 











































THE EARTH 


The earth is a great big ball. It is twenty-five thousand 
(25,000) miles around it. The earth seems to you to be 
flat. That is because it is so large, and you can see so 
little of it at one time. If you will watch a ship on the sea, 
or on a lake, you will see that the large part of the ship 
passes out of sight first. It really does drop down behind 
the water. 

It does not seem to you that the earth is moving. But 
the ground on which you stand is moving very fast. The 
earth turns around, like a top, once in every twenty-four 
hours. We are all moving about a thousand miles an hour. 
But you do not seem to be moving, because everybody and 
everything on the earth moves along together. 

The sun can shine on only one half of the earth at a time. 
While one half of the earth is turned toward the sun and 
is light, the other half is turned away from it and is dark. 
This is what makes day and night. When it is day with 
us, it is night on the other side of the earth. While we are 
having night, the people on the other side of the earth are 
having day. The sun is always rising somewhere, and al¬ 
ways setting somewhere. 

What is the shape of the earth? How far is it round 
the earth? How often does the earth turn round? What 
makes day and night? 

because everybody together ' really 

somewhere everything watch along 

100 one hundred 1000 one thousand 

200 two hundred 2000 two thousand 

300 three hundred 3000 three thousand 

112 


A TAILOR SHOP 


We buy most of our clothing at the clothing store. Men’s 
suits are made in tailor shops. A tailor shop is a large 
room. Sometimes it is a building, where many tailors 
work together. There are a great many sewing ma¬ 
chines all run by electricity. Many men and women work 
together making the suits. Some cut out the suits from the 
rolls of cloth. Some sew the pants together. Some sew 
the coats together. Some sew in the sleeves. Some sew 
on the collars of the coats. Some make the pockets. 
Some sew on the buttons. Some make the buttonholes. 
When they are all done the suits are finished. The suits 
are sold to the clothing store and we buy the suits that fit 
us. 

These tailor shops should be very clean and have plenty 
of fresh air. So many people breathing the same air soon 
make the air bad. The dust from the cloth gets into the 
air and is breathed into the lungs of the workers. Those 
who work in tailor shops often have diseases of the lungs. 

Tailor shops should have plenty of good light. The 
men and women who do the sewing have to look very closely 
at their needles to see that they get the seams right. If 
the light is not good they will hurt their eyes. Those who 
work in tailor shops often have diseases of the eyes. 

Where are men’s suits made? Why should tailor shops 
have plenty of fresh air? Why should tailor shops have 
plenty of good light ? What diseases do those who work 
in the tailor shops often have? 

disease fits disease of the lungs 

breathe whole disease of the eyes 

lungs seams A worker is one who works. 

n 3 


Long I — 8 


THE LAUNDRY 


We do not wash all our clothing at home. Sometimes 
we send our clothing to the laundry to be washed. The 
laundry has very large washing machines which are run 
by electricity. A great many garments are put into these 
machines at one time. The machines wash the clothing 

very fast. When the 
clothes are washed 
they are put into 
another machine 
which is turned by 
electricity. This 
machine turns so fast 
that all the water is 
thrown out of the 
clothes. They are 
not wrung by hand, 
or in a wringer as 
they are at home. 
The clothes are not put on a line to dry. This machine 
makes them dry. 

Much of the ironing is also done by machinery. The 
sheets, pillow-cases, table-cloths, underwear, and such 
things are passed between a pair of steel rollers called a 
mangle. The mangle is run by electricity. But men’s 
shirts and collars, and women’s white waists and skirts 
have to be starched and ironed by hand. 

What is a laundry ? How is the ironing done in a laun¬ 
dry ? Many men work in laundries ironing shirts and collars. 

laundry garments starched mangle 

laundries ironing rollers collars 

114 


































THE FARMER 


The farmer lives in the country. He has a large tract 
of land called a farm. A farm is large enough to make 
many blocks in the city. The farmer has a house in which 
he and his family live. He has a barn in which he keeps 



his horses and his cattle. He also has other buildings for 
pigs, sheep, poultry, and other animals. The farmer’s 
animals are called live stock. 

The farmer’s horses help him do his work. They 
draw the plow, or the wagon, or anything that the farmer 
needs to have drawn. His horses are strong and can pull 
heavy loads. The farmer’s cows give him milk to drink and 
to feed to the pigs. From the milk the farmer’s wife makes 
butter for the family to eat, and to sell at the village store. 
The cows also raise calves. 

Some farmers have sheep from which they get wool to 
sell. The farmer has many pigs. Some of them he sells, 
and some he kills for meat for his family. The farmer has 
chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. They lay eggs for him. 






































THE HARDWARE STORE 


A hardware store sells goods that are made of iron. If 
we want a stove, a shovel, a poker, or a coal-scuttle, we go 
to the hardware store to get it. If the carpenter wants 
a saw, a hatchet, a latch for a door, or a pound of nails, he 

buys them of the hard¬ 
ware man. If the black¬ 
smith wants a hammer 
or some iron to work 
with he goes to the hard¬ 
ware store. The hard¬ 
ware man has trowels for 
the bricklayer, awls and 
hammers for the shoe¬ 
maker, butcher knives 
and cleavers for the 
butcher, scales for the 
grocer, tongs for the ice¬ 
man, tubs and wringers 
for washing clothes, rakes and spades for making a garden, 
pans and kettles for the kitchen, knives and forks for the 
dining table, garbage cans, irons, and pocket knives. 

* In the country towns the hardware store sells plows, 
harrows, wagons, machines for cutting grass, machines for 
cutting wheat, axes, hatchets, and many other things. 

What does the carpenter buy at the hardware store? 
What does the blacksmith buy at the hardware store? 
What does the bricklayer buy there ? What does the farmer 
buy at the hardware store ? 

poker hardware spades harrows cutting 

hatchets rakes plow machines wheat 

116 

























































































































GLASS 


Glass will let the light into a room but it will keep out 
the cold air. It will also keep out the dust and the rain 
and snow. We need the light in our houses. A light 
house is healthful to live in. Light rooms help keep us well. 
Dark rooms help make us sick. But our rooms must also 
be warm, dry, and free from dust. Brick walls will keep 
out the cold and the rain. Board walls will do the same. 
But they will also keep out the light. Glass is the only 
thing that will keep out the winds, and at the same time let 
in the light. 

Windows are made of large pieces of glass called win¬ 
dow panes. These are set into wooden frames called sash. 
The panes of glass are fastened into the sash with putty. 
When the putty gets dry it gets hard, and holds the glass 
in very tight. The sash is fitted into the frame of the win¬ 
dow so that it can be moved up and down. You can let 
the air into the house if you want it. If you do not want 
the light, you can pull down the shade. 

Plate glass is very thick glass. It can be made into very 
large panes. It is used for show windows in stores. 

What are windows made of? Why is glass good for 
windows ? What are the window panes set in ? W hat 
fastens the panes to the sash? What is the window sash 
fitted into ? 


glass 

dust 

pleasant 

rain 

frames 

panes 

sash 

healthy 

show 

putty 

light 

tight 

shade 

free 

board 

barn 

bake 

farm 

plaster 

wooden 

hard 

baker 

farmer 

plasterer 

boards 


rry 


THE POLES OF THE EARTH 


The point on the earth which is farthest north is called 
the north pole. The point on the earth which is farthest 
south is called the south pole. It is very cold around both 
the north pole and the south pole because the sun does not 
shine there very much. There is nothing but ice around 
both the poles of the earth. 

The line around the middle of the earth is called the 
equator. It is just halfway between the north pole and 
the south pole. It is very hot about the equator, because 
the sun shines there so much. The earth gets its heat from 
the sun. 

Where the earth is cold, plants will not grow. Plants 
always grow where the earth is warm. That is why plants 
grow here in summer but do not grow in winter. There 
are no plants around the poles of the earth, because 
the earth is too cold. There are many large plants 
around the equator, because the earth is always warm 
there. 

In the far north and in the far south, the winters are 
very long and the summers are very short. There is al¬ 
most no summer there. At the equator the summers are 
very long and the winters are very short. There is almost 
no winter there. 

What is the point on the earth which is farthest north 
called ? The point farthest south ? Is it hot or cold around 
the poles of the earth ? What is the line around the middle 
of the earth called? Is it hot or cold about the equator? 
Do plants grow in warm places, or in cold places? Are 
there plants around the poles of the earth? Are there 
plants around the equator ? 

118 


GARDENS AND ORCHARDS 


The farmer has a garden. He plows the ground in the 
spring and makes the earth very soft and fine with a 
harrow or rake. In this soft earth he plants his vegeta¬ 
bles ; cabbages, beans, onions, peas, beets, radishes, turnips, 
potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce, and many others. He works 
over the ground with a hoe to keep the weeds from growing, 
and to keep the ground loose around the roots of the plants. 

Beans grow on long vines, and the farmer has to stick tall 
poles in the ground for the vines to climb up on. Toma¬ 
toes and peas grow on shorter vines and they need sticks 
put up to keep them off the ground. The farmer raises 
vegetables for his family to eat. He does not sell many of 
them. 

The farmer has an orchard. In his orchard there are 
apple trees, peach trees, pear trees, plum trees, and cherry 
trees. These trees are called fruit trees. They all bear 
fruit in the summer. The farmer sells some of this fruit, 
but keeps most of it for his family to eat. The apples are 
put in barrels and stored in the farmer’s cellar. But peaches, 
plums, and cherries will not keep like apples. They have 
to be dried, or put in tin cans or glass jars. 


Spelling 


drug 

garage 

breathe 

harrows 

druggist 

always 

disease 

cutting 

medicine 

pane 

closely 

tract 

prescription 

tight 

seams 

blocks 

poison 

equator 

laundry 

which 

patent 

weeds 

garments 

live stock 

baker 

packed 

ironing 

anything 


119 


RESTAURANTS 


Restaurants are places to go to get your meals. If 
you are away from home, you go to a restaurant to get 
your dinner. If you have no home, you can go to a res¬ 
taurant for all of your meals. 

Restaurants have two rooms: a kitchen and a dining 
room. Both of these rooms should be kept very clean. 
The dishes on the table should be kept clean. The table¬ 
cloth should be clean. 

There is a great deal of garbage about a restaurant. 
It should not be thrown into the alley. It should be 
put into garbage cans and the lids kept on the cans. The 
garbage cans should be kept clean. 


Words to be Studied 


dough motor truck 

trough motorcycle 

loaves bicycle 

customers earth 

engine thousand 

gasoline because 

weather everybody 

rubber everything 

hollow together 

pumped finished 

puncture lungs 


steel heavy 

rollers village 

sash glass 

pole dust 

rake rain 

climb snow 

barrels pleasant 

mangle healthy 

starched board 

poker putty 

plows middle 


What does the farmer grow in his garden? What does 
the farmer grow in his orchard? Where does the farmer 
put his apples and potatoes for the winter? 


120 


TREES 


Trees grow in the ground. They have long roots which 

reach far down into the ground and hold the tree so that 

it does not fall over. Trees grow high. Some trees are 

higher than houses. The main part of the tree is called 

the trunk. It is round and hard. The outside of the trunk 

« 

is rough. It is called the bark of the tree. The parts of the 
tree that are small and spread 
out are the branches, or limbs, 
of the tree. A tree has one 
trunk. It has many branches. 

The leaves grow on the 
branches. The leaves of some 
trees fall off in the autumn. 

These trees are called deciduous 
trees. The leaves of other trees 
stay on all winter. These trees 
are called evergreens. 

If you cut a tree in summer, 
a juice like water comes out of 
the cut. This is the sap of the 
tree. The sap comes up from the roots through little 
holes or pores in the wood. The sap keeps the tree alive. 

Some trees bear fruit. The apple tree bears apples. 
The peach tree bears peaches. The orange tree bears 
oranges. 

Some trees bear nuts. The outside of the nut is hard. 
It is the shell of the nut. The kernel is on the inside of 
the nut. We eat the kernel of nuts. 

Some trees bear seeds. From the seeds other trees will 
grow. 



I 21 











HOSPITALS 


Hospitals are places for sick people. When a man gets 
hurt or sick, he may be taken to a hospital in an ambulance. 

An ambulance is an 
auto that has cots, 
or small beds, in¬ 
stead of seats. The 
sick man can lie 
down in it. 

There are good 
doctors at the hos¬ 
pital. There are 
good nurses at the 
hospital. The 
nurses know how to 
take care of sick people. There are good medicines at the 
hospital. Everything is very quiet about a hospital. The 
food at the hospital is good for sick people to eat. 

The hospital is a quiet place. 

The hospital is a good place for sick people. 

Hospitals are very clean. The rooms have plenty of 
light, and plenty of good fresh air. Hospitals are good 
places, and yet it is better to keep well and stay out of 
them. Take good care of your health. How is a sick man 
taken to a hospital? Why are hospitals good places for 
sick people to go ? 

Spelling 


sick 

hospital 

beds 

doctor 

hurt 

ambulance 

cots 

nurse 

auto 

medicines 

clean 

fresh 

quiet 

people 

plenty 

light 



122 






































The Capitol 


THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 

Washington is the capital city of the United States. The 
city was named for George Washington, the first presi¬ 
dent of the United States. The president of the United 
States lives in Washington. 

The laws of the United States are made in Washington. 
The men who make our laws are called congressmen. 
Congressmen are elected by the people. 

When the congressmen are all met together they are 
called the Congress of the United States. The Congress 
of the United States meets in a large building called the 
Capitol Building. 

The Washington Monument is in Washington. It is 
the monument to George Washington. It is 550 feet high. 
It is one of the highest monuments in the world. 

123 





















































The paper money of the United States is made in Wash¬ 
ington. It is printed in a large building called the Treas¬ 
ury Building. Gold and silver money is made at the 
United States mints. One of these mints is in Philadel¬ 
phia. 

There are many other buildings in Washington where 
the work of the United States government is carried on. 
What is the capital city of the United States? Why was 
the city given this name? Where does the president of 
the United States live? Where are the laws of the United 
States made? Where does the Congress of the United- 
States meet? How high is the Washington Monument? 
Where is the money of the United States made ? 

George Washington was the first president of the United 
States. He was “ First in war, first in peace and first in 
the hearts of his countrymen.” 

HOTELS 

A hotel is a place where you can go to get a room to 
sleep in. If you are away from home at night you go to 
a hotel to get a room for the night. You go to the desk 
of the hotel. You write your name and address in the 
hotel register. The clerk assigns you a room and gives 
you the key to the door. 

Your room has a number and the key has the same 
number. Hotel beds should be kept clean and dry. If 
the sheets are damp, they will give you a cold. In the 
morning you pay for your room and give the key back 
to the clerk. 

What is a restaurant? What should be done with the 
garbage about a restaurant? Why should flies be kept 
out of restaurants ? 


124 


CORN FIELDS 


The farmer grows corn. In the spring he hitches his 
horses to the plow and turns over the soil in long furrows. 
Over the plowed ground his horses then drag the harrow, 
crushing the clods and making the earth fine and soft for 
planting. He then picks 
out his best corn and 
plants three or four 
grains in a place, and 
covers them with the 
soft earth. 

When the corn begins 
to grow the farmer keeps 
stirring the ground with 
a plow. This is done 
to kill the weeds and to 
keep the ground soft 
about the roots of the 
corn. By and by a 
tassel appears at the top of each stalk and soon an ear 
of corn begins to grow from the base of one of the 
blades. The rough part in the middle of each ear of 
corn is called the cob, and the kernels are the grains. 
When the corn begins to turn brown in the autumn, the 
stalks are cut off and placed in shocks. A little later the 
husks are pulled from the ears of corn, and the ears them¬ 
selves are broken from the stalks. This is called husking 
the corn. 

Corn is a good food for horses, cattle, hogs, sheep, all 
kinds of poultry, and even man himself. Only the grains 
are used for food. When grains of corn are ground in 

125 















a mill they are called corn meal. Corn meal may be cooked 
with water and eaten as mush, or it may be baked into 
corn bread. Corn grains cooked whole are called hominy. 
Green corn cooked with beans is called succotash. 

Who grows corn? When does the farmer plant corn? 
When does the farmer gather his corn? What is corn 
good for ? What is corn meal ? What is hominy ? What 


is succotash? 




corn 

stalk 

mush 

shocks 

kernels 

blades 

hominy 

shelled 

furrows 

tassel 

succotash 

bite 


STREET CARS AND ELEVATED TRAINS 

There are street cars all over the city. Some go north 
and south, and some go east and west. You can get a 
transfer from one car line to another. You can go almost 
anywhere you want to go on the street car. In some 
cities the fare is a nickel. In other cities it is more. 

Street cars run in the middle of the streets. The city 
gives the street car company permission to lay the track 
and run the cars in the public streets. This permission 
is called a franchise. 

The street car is the poor man’s carriage. He can go 
a long distance for a small sum of money. Most men 
could not go so far to get work if they did not have the 
street cars. They do the people so much good that the 
city thinks it is right to give the company permission to 
run them in the people’s streets. 

In some cities there are elevated trains. These do 
not run in the streets. They run on tracks high above 
the streets. They do not stop on the street crossings, but 

126 


only at the elevated stations. The city gives the ele¬ 
vated company permission to build its tracks and run 
its cars. Elevated cars are good for the people, but they 
do not go everywhere as the street cars do. 

Where do the street cars run? Are street cars good for 
the poor man? Why? Who gives the street car com¬ 
pany permission to run cars in the public streets? 

elevated crossing permission tracks 

distance company carriage trains 

LAND AND WATER 

The earth is made up of land and water. The large 
bodies of land are called continents. On the western 
half of the earth there are two continents. They are 
North America and South America. The United States 
is in North America. On the eastern half of the earth 
there are four continents. They are Europe, Asia, Africa, 
and Australia. 

The large bodies of water are called oceans. There are 
five great oceans on the earth. The Atlantic Ocean is 
between Europe and America; the Pacific Ocean is be¬ 
tween Asia and America; the Indian Ocean is between 
Asia and Australia; the Arctic Ocean is around the North 
Pole; and the Antarctic Ocean is around the South Pole. 

The smaller bodies of land are called islands. England 
is an island. Japan is an island. The Philippines are 
islands. Cuba is an island, and there are many others. 

The smaller bodies of water are called seas or gulfs. 
The Mediterranean Sea is south of Europe; the Baltic Sea 
is north of Europe; the Gulf of Mexico is south of North 
America; and there are many others. 

127 


What is the earth made of? What are the large bod¬ 
ies of land called? What continents are on the western 
half of the earth? What continents are on the eastern 
half of the earth? What are the large bodies of water 
called? Name the oceans on the earth. What are the 
smaller bodies of land called? What' are the smaller 
bodies of water called? 


continents 

oceans 

Atlantic 

Australia 

islands 

seas 

Pacific 

North America 

Europe 

gulfs 

Indian 

South America 

Antarctic 

Arctic 

Asia 

Africa 


BONES OF THE BODY 

There are bones in our bodies. There are long bones 
in our legs. These bones make our legs stand up stiff. 
There are long bones in our arms. These bones make 
our arms stick out straight. There are round bones in 
our heads. These bones make our heads round and hard. 
The bone in our chin is called the jaw-bone, and the bones 
in our cheeks are called cheek-bones. There are short 
bones in our hands and feet. There are joints at the ends 
of these short bones. 

There are many bones in our back. They are called 
back-bones, or vertebrae. The back-bones make our bodies 
stand up stiff. There are many bones around our bodies. 
They are called ribs. The ribs make our bodies round. 
All the bones in the body are called the skeleton. 

What do the bones in our legs do ? What do the bones 
in our arms do? What are the bones around our bodies 
called? What do the ribs do? What are the bones in our 
back called ? What is the skeleton ? 

128 


FABLES 


The Dog in the Manger 

A dog was lying in a manger full of hay. An ox came 
by and wanted to eat the hay. But the dog growled at 
him and would not let him eat it. “ You are a selfish dog,” 
said the ox. “You cannot eat the hay yourself and you 
will not let any one else eat it.” 

What did the ox say to the dog in the manger? 

The Goose That Laid the Golden Egg 

There was once a man who had a goose that laid a 
golden egg every day. The man thought she must have 
a great mass of gold inside of her and he wanted to get it 
all at once. So he killed the goose and cut her open. 
But he found that she was just like other geese. So the 
greedy man lost the riches he had. He had killed the 
goose that laid the golden egg. 

What did the greedy man do with the goose that laid 
the golden egg ? 


The Fox and the Grapes 

A hungry fox saw some grapes hanging on a vine high 
up from the ground. He jumped and jumped until he 
was tired trying to get some. But he could not reach 
them. At last he went away saying, “I do not want 
them. They are sour grapes anyway.” 

What did the fox say about the grapes? 

jaw-bones skeleton long one body 

cheek-bones vertebrae short two bodies 

back-bones ribs stiff round 


Long I — g 


129 


Hercules and the Wagoner 

A man was driving a heavy wagon along a muddy road. 
The wheels stuck fast in the mud and the horses could 
go no farther. The man did not try to get out, but fell 
on his knees and began to pray to Hercules to come and 
help him. “You are a lazy fellow,” said Hercules. “Get 
up and try again. Put your own shoulder to the wheel. 
Heaven helps only those who help themselves.” 

What did Hercules say to the wagoner ? 

A wagoner is a man who drives a wagon. 

COFFEE 

The blossoms of the coffee plant are white, and smell 
very sweet. The berries are a dark red, and look like cran¬ 
berries. When these berries are ripe they are picked, put 
into a basket or sack, and carried to the coffee house. In 
each berry there are two seeds, called “coffee beans.” 
They are round on one side and flat on the other. 

These beans are beaten out of the berries and spread out 
on a cement floor to dry. This takes a long time. Men 
keep stirring the beans all the time they are drying, and 
every night they carry them under a shelter, for the dew is 
not good for them. When the coffee is dry, it is put into 
sacks, and is ready to be shipped. 

Most of our coffee comes from Brazil. It is sent from 
Rio Janeiro to New York, or some other city of the United 
States and then sent all over the country. Before coffee 
is used it is roasted, and then ground. Coffee is also grown 
in Arabia, Java, Mexico, and Central America. 

Where does most of the coffee come from? How does 
coffee grow? What are coffee beans? 

130 


SUGAR 


Sugar is made from the juice of the sugar cane. Sugar 
cane grows in the South where the summers are long. The 
cane stalks grow tall and are full of sweet juice. When 
the cane is ripe, the stalks are cut close to the ground and 
taken to the sugar mill. Here they 
are passed between two large steel 
rollers and the juice pressed out of them. 

The juice is then put into large pans 
and boiled. If the juice is boiled until 
it is thick it is molasses. If it is boiled 
until it is in little grains, it is sugar. 

The state of Louisiana makes most of 
the cane sugar made in the United 
States. 

Some sugar is made from the juice 
of the beet. The sugar beet is white 
and grows very large. The juice is 
pressed out in the sugar mill, and then 
is boiled, just like cane sugar. Beet sugar is not so sweet 
as cane sugar. 

Maple sugar is made from the sap of the maple tree. 
Men bore holes in the trees, the sap runs out, and is caught 
in pails or small troughs. It is then boiled in pans or kettles, 
like any other sugar. 

What is sugar made from? Where does the sugar cane 
grow? Where is the juice pressed out of the cane stalks? 
How is the juice made into sugar? What is molasses? 
What is beet sugar made from ? 

sugar cane juice Louisiana 

molasses maple sap kettle 

131 





















WHEAT, OATS, AND HAY 


The farmer grows wheat. First he plows and harrows 
the ground as he does when he is going to plant corn. Then 
he scatters the grains thickly over the ground, either by 
hand or by a machine called a drill. Wheat is not planted 
in rows as corn is. Wheat grows so thick that weeds can¬ 
not grow. In a few months heads appear on the ends of 
the stalks. These heads of wheat hold the grains. Grains 
of wheat do not grow on cobs as corn does, but they grow 
on the top of the stalk. When the heads of the stalks of 
wheat turn yellow, they are cut with a reaper, bound in 
bundles, and placed in shocks like corn. When these 
shocks are dry, they are hauled to a threshing machine, 
where the grain is separated from the stalks. Wheat stalks 
are called straw. 

Wheat may be fed to poultry and even to horses and 
cattle, but it is most used as a food for man. It is man’s 
best bread food. The grains are ground in a mill and are 
then called flour. Flour is sold to the bakers and to our 
homes, and baked into bread. 

The farmer grows oats. He makes the ground ready 
and sows the grain just as he does for wheat. He cuts 
the grain and threshes it the same as he does wheat. Oats 
is most used as food for horses and poultry. It is some¬ 
times ground and eaten by man. It is called oatmeal. 
Corn, wheat, and oats are called grains. 

The farmer grows hay. Hay is grass that has been cut 
and dried for winter food. The farmer does not let the 
live stock eat the grass. He lets the grass grow high. When 
it is ripe he cuts it with a mowing machine, and lets it dry 
in the sun. He then rakes it up with a hayrake, loads it 

13 2 


upon a wagon, and hauls it to the barn or stack, where it is 
kept for winter. Hay is food for horses, cattle, and sheep. 
Pigs and chickens cannot eat it. 

What is wheat used for ? What is oats used for ? What 
is hay made from ? What does the farmer do with the hay ? 

scatter oats mowing machine oatmeal 

drill hay hayrake stack 


SHOE FACTORIES 

Our shoes are made in shoe factories. These are large 
buildings with many floors and many rooms. Hundreds 
of people work in one of these factories and each one does 
only a small part of the work of making each pair of shoes. 
Some cut out the soles of the shoes. Others cut out the 
uppers. Some sew the soles together. Others sew the 
uppers together. 

In each factory there are a great many sewing machines, 
all run by electricity. Some of the workmen make the 
heels. Some sew the uppers to the soles. Some make 
the holes for the eyelets, and some put the eyelets in. Often 
as many as forty people work on one pair of shoes. Some 
factories make thousands of pairs in a day. 

Some factories make only men’s shoes; some make 
only women’s shoes ; and some make only shoes for children. 
When the shoes are ready they are packed in boxes and 
sold to the shoe stores. We buy our shoes from the shoe 
store. 

Where are shoes made? How many people work in a 
shoe factory? Does each one make a whole shoe, or only 
a part of a shoe? Where do we buy our shoes? 

133 


MARKET GARDENS 


Near the city there are many large gardens, where men 
grow vegetables to sell. They are called market gardens. 
The gardener grows long rows of cabbages. When the cab¬ 
bages are ripe the man cuts off the heads of cabbage and 
puts them in a wagon. Then he drives into the city and 
sells the cabbages to the grocers. 



The gardener grows long rows of radishes. When they 
are large enough to eat, he pulls them up, washes them, and 
ties them in small bunches. He sells these bunches of 
radishes to the grocers. 

The gardener grows large beds of strawberries. When 
the berries are ripe the gardener picks them and puts them 
in small baskets. Then these baskets are put into boxes 
called crates and sold to the grocer. Raspberries and black¬ 
berries are grown in the same way. 

Sometimes the gardener grows corn. He does not wait 
until the corn is ripe, but pulls off the ears while they are 
green and soft. These ears are called roasting-ears. 

134 




























MUSCLES AND SKIN 


The flesh of our bodies is called muscle. We have many 
muscles in our bodies. We have long muscles in our legs, 
which bend our legs when we walk. There are long muscles 
in our arms, which make our arms bend. We have short 
muscles in our fingers and toes, which make them bend 
at the joints. Muscles make our jaws move when we 
chew our food. Our tongue is a muscle and moves when 
we talk. Very small muscles make our eyes turn from one 
side to the other, and up and down. 

Our bodies are covered with skin. The skin covers our 
hands and our faces, our feet and our legs. The skin is 
thick on our hands and feet, and thin on our lips. The 
skin protects our bodies like clothing. 

The skin should be kept clean. It is full of little holes 
called pores. We sweat through the skin. The sweat 
comes through the pores of the skin, and leaves oil and dirt 
on our bodies. 

We should wash our hands and faces several times a day. 
We should wash our whole bodies at least once a week. 
When we wash our bodies we say we take a bath. If we 
take a bath often, it will keep us well. 

There are nails at the ends of our fingers. Nails are 
very hard skin. The nails protect the ends of our fingers 
and keep them from getting hurt. They help us to pick 
up little things with our fingers. We should keep our fin¬ 
ger nails clean. 

Hair also grows from the skin. The hair protects the 
head, and the eyebrows protect the eyes. The hair should 
be kept clean just the same as the skin. We should wash 
our hair at least once a week. 

135 


THE UNITED STATES 


We live in the United States. It is in the central part 
of North America. The country north of us is called Can¬ 
ada, and belongs to England. The country south of us 
is called Mexico. There are forty-eight states in the United 
States. 

The largest river in the United States is the Mississippi 
River. It flows south through the central part of the 
United States and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. Several 
large rivers empty into the Mississippi River. The Missouri 
River and the Arkansas River come from the west, and the 
Ohio River comes from the east. The valleys of these 
rivers, and a great many smaller ones, make the great 
Mississippi Valley. The Mississippi Valley is one of the 
richest farming countries in the world. 

There are five great lakes in the United States: Lake 
Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake 
Ontario. They are called the Great Lakes. 

In what part of North America is the United States? 
What is the country north of us? What country is south 
of us? What is the largest river in the United States? 
How many great lakes are there in the United States? 

central Mississippi Ohio Michigan 

Canada Missouri Superior Huron 

Mexico Arkansas Ontario Erie 

The Atlantic Ocean is east of us. 

The Gulf of Mexico is south of us. 

The Great Lakes are north of us. 

The Pacific Ocean is west of us. 

Canada is north of us. 


136 


SCHOOL DOCTORS AND NURSES 


Our children go to school in the daytime. We go to 
school at night. Their teacher teaches them to talk Eng¬ 
lish. Our teacher teaches us to talk English. We can 
talk English with them. We should try to talk English 
all the time. 

Everybody talks English in America. In the day school 
our children are taught to read and write English, and to 
spell all the words. They are also taught arithmetic, geog¬ 
raphy, history, music, and drawing. The teacher in the 
day school says they are good children. She says their 
deportment is good. 

The school tries to keep our children well. The school¬ 
rooms are light and have plenty of good fresh air. The 
children are taught to play games so that they do not get 
too tired. 

The school doctor comes to the school every day. He 
examines the children who look as if they were going to be 
sick. If he finds them really sick he sends them home. 
These children should be taken to the family doctor. If 
a child has measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, or chicken pox, 
he may give that disease to other children. He should not 
be in school. He is sent home and no one should be allowed 
to come into the house until he is well. The school doctor 
will vaccinate the children so that they will not have small¬ 
pox. 

The school nurse also comes to school every day. She 
dresses cuts and bruises and looks after other things that 
help keep the children well. The city pays the teachers, 
doctors, and nurses. The city takes good care of our 
children. 


i37 


BANKS 


Banks are places to keep money. The money in a bank 
is kept in a large safe and behind iron bars, so that no one 
can get in and steal it. The man who keeps the bank is 
called a banker. When you give your money to the banker, 

he gives you a bank 
book. The bank book 
tells you how much 
money you have put 
into the bank. When 
you want to get any of 
your money out of the 
bank, you write a check, 
sign your name to it, 
and the banker gives 
you the money you 
want. 

There are three kinds 
of banks in this coun¬ 
try : National Banks, State Banks, and private banks. 
If you put your money in a National Bank it is safe. 
The United States government looks after it. If you put 
your money in a State Bank it is pretty safe, because the 
state looks after it. But if you put your money in a 
private bank it is not always so safe. 

Do not keep money about the house, or carry it in your 
clothing. Some one might steal it. Put your money in a 
National Bank. 


bank 

banker 

much 

national 

safe 

steal 

check 

state 

bars 

bank book 

sign 

private 


138 







































Spelling 


bones 

Arabia 

long 

Java 

short 

Mississippi 

stiff 

Ohio 

round 

riches 

jaw 

bank 

vertebrae 

ordinance 

ribs 

uppers 

skeleton 

heels 

berry 

factory 

blossom 

eyelets 

cranberry 

forty 

beaten 

pair 

cement 

juice 

stirring 

molasses 

shelter 

Louisiana 

dew 

maple 

Brazil 

cane 

English 

geography 

reading 

history 

spelling 

music 

writing 

drawing 

arithmetic 

deportment 


sap 

sweat 

kettle 

pores 

scatter 

several 

separate 

both 

threshing 

protect 

binder 

oats 

straw 

sow 

bunches 

oatmeal 

boxes 

rake 

Missouri 

stack 

flows 

ranch 

valley 

pasture 

aldermen 

cowboy 

council 

central 

crates 

Canada 

roasting ears 

belongs 

muscles 

Arkansas 

skin 

empties 

measles 

vaccinate 

scarlet fever 

teach 

diphtheria 

teacher 

chicken pox 

teaches 

smallpox 

taught 


What are banks ? 

Where is the money in a bank kept? 

What does a banker do? 

What is a check? 

How many kinds of banks are there? 

Why should you not keep money about the house ? 

i39 


MILLS 


The miller grinds corn into meal and wheat into flour. 
The grinding is done by two large stones, one of which 
keeps turning round and round on the other one. The 
millstone is sometimes turned by water power. The water 
that runs in the millrace falls down upon a large mill wheel 
and makes it turn. The turning of the mill wheel makes 
the millstone turn. 

The miller pours the wheat from the sacks into the hopper. 
From the hopper it runs in a little stream down through a 
hole in the upper millstone, and gets between the two stones. 
As the upper stone turns on the lower one, the grains of 
wheat are crushed and ground into a very fine powder. 

This is then sifted through a fine cloth, called bolting- 
cloth. The bran, or outer covering of the wheat grains, is 
left on top of the cloth, but the fine white flour passes 
through. This flour is put into barrels and sacks, and sold 
to the baker and grocer. 

In some large mills flour is made by crushing wheat be¬ 
tween large steel rollers turned by steam. In some mills 
thousands of bags of flour are ground in a day. 

What does the miller do ? What is flour ? What is meal ? 


miller 

stone 

hopper 

bran 

millstone 

power 

crushed 

steel 

mill race 

turning 

sifted 

roller 

mill wheel 

grinding 

bolting-cloth 

• flour 


The mills that grind wheat into flour are called grist mills. 
Nearly all the grist mills in our country are turned by 
steam power. 

Most of the great grist mills are in Minnesota. 

Corn when ground is sometimes called Indian meal. 

140 


FOOD, AIR, AND BLOOD 


When we eat food we first chew it. We grind it be¬ 
tween our teeth and mix it with the saliva of the mouth. 
The food is then swallowed. It passes down our throats 
into our stomachs. The food is digested in the stomach. 
When food is digested it is like water. It then passes into 
the blood. If food is not well chewed, it will not be well 
digested. It will not do us good. We should eat slowly 
and chew our food well. 

The blood of the body is in the veins. The veins are 
like long rubber tubes. They run from the heart to all parts 
of the body. The heart pumps the blood through the veins. 
Place your hand on your left side and you can feel your 
heart beat. Put your finger on your wrist and you can feel 
the blood going through your veins. This is called your 
pulse. The blood carries the food to all parts of the 
body. 

We breathe with our lungs. Our lungs are between our 
ribs. Our lungs are made up of a great many little sacs. 
The air goes through pipes into all these little sacs. The 
blood comes to all these little sacs. The air makes the 
blood pure. 

What do we do when we chew our food? What do we 
do with our food after we chew it? Where is the blood of 
the body? What does the heart do? What does the 
blood do? Where are our lungs? What do we do with 
our lungs? What does the air do to the blood? 

saliva stomach slowly tubes 

swallowed digested veins heart 

throats blood rubber wrist 

Hi 


THE CITY COUNCIL 


The men who make the laws for the city are called 
aldermen. When the aldermen are all met together they 
are called the City Council. The laws which the City Coun¬ 
cil passes for governing the city are called ordinances. 
The aldermen hold their meetings in the City Hall. 

There are many aldermen in the city. The city is 
divided into a number of wards, and a number of aldermen 
are elected to represent these wards. There are generally 
two aldermen from each ward. They are elected by the 
voters who live in that ward. Every naturalized citizen 
over 21 years of age can vote in America. 

When a law is proposed to the City Council the aider- 
men talk about it. Some are for it and some are against it. 
After they have talked about it for some time they vote 
on it. The president of the council says : “ All those who 

are in favor of this law will say ‘ aye.’ ” “ All those who are 

against it will say ‘no.’” If more than half of the aider- 
men vote “aye” the ordinance is passed. 

We should be very careful to elect good men to be aider- 
men. Good men will make good laws. Bad men will 
make bad laws. 

What are the men who make the laws for the city called? 
When the aldermen are all met together what are they 
called? Where does the City Council hold its meetings? 
What are the laws that govern the city called? How 
are the aldermen elected? Why should we be careful to 
elect good aldermen? 

aldermen ordinance proposed against 
council ward favor aye 

voters elected naturalized no 


142 


SHEEP RANCHES 


A sheep ranch is a ranch on which the ranchman keeps 
sheep. There are sometimes many thousand sheep on 
one of these ranches. The men who take care of the 
sheep are called shepherds, or herders. They seldom 
ride horses as the cowboys do. They have dogs that 
are trained to drive the sheep as well as men do. In the 



early spring the lambs are born. At that time the shep¬ 
herd and his dogs must be very watchful. They must 
see that the little lambs do not die or get killed. 

About the first of June,, the sheep are driven into pens 
and sheared. Each sheep is caught and held while a man 
with a large pair of shears, or with a shearing machine, 
cuts off the wool. The wool is then packed into large 
bags, and sold to some factory where it is made into woolen 
cloth for our clothing. The sheep do not need the wool in 
the summer. It would make them too warm. 


i43 












THE MAYOR 


The chief officer in the government of the city is the 
mayor. In most cities he is president of the City Council 
and signs his name to all ordinances before they become 
laws. If he does not think an ordinance will make a 
good law, he “vetoes” it. That is, he says he is against 
it and will not sign it. Then the City Council will have to 
pass the ordinance over again, or it will not become a law 
of the city. The mayor has much to do with making the 
laws of the city. 

It is the duty of the mayor to see that the people obey 
the laws of the city. He appoints the Chief of Police, 
who has control of all the policemen in the city. The 
Chief of Police tells each policeman what part of the city 
he has to watch and how he has to make the people obey 
the laws. 

The mayor appoints the Chief of the Fire Department. 

The mayor appoints the Commissioner of Health. 

The mayor appoints the Building Commissioner. 

The mayor appoints the Superintendent of Streets. 

The mayor appoints the Board of Education. 

The mayor is elected by the people of the whole city. 
We should be careful to elect a good mayor. The name 
of the mayor of this city is. 


Mayor 

veto 

Chief of Police 

signs 

Chief of Fire Department 

enforces 

Commissioner of Health 

appoints 

Building Commissioner 

obey 

Superintendent of Streets 

elect 


144 



TEETH 


Our teeth grow in our jaws. They are set in the jaw¬ 
bone by their roots. The jaw-bones have holes in them 
for the teeth. A man has thirty-two teeth; sixteen are 
in the upper jaw and sixteen are in the lower jaw. Some of 
our teeth are flat and sharp for biting, and some are large 
and rough for grinding. 

The outside of the teeth is very hard. It is called the 
enamel of the teeth. The inside of the teeth is not so hard. 
If the enamel of a tooth is broken, the tooth decays. Then 
we have toothache. When we eat, some of the food stays 
between the teeth. If this is not taken out, it will make 
the teeth decay. The mouth should be washed out with 
water after every meal. The teeth should be cleaned 
with a toothbrush at least once a day. 

Decaying teeth are bad for the health. The holes in 
the teeth should be filled so that they will not decay 
any more. Sometimes our teeth are decayed so much 
that they cannot be filled. They have to be pulled out 
by the roots. Then they do not grow in again. We can¬ 
not chew our food well. Our food will not digest well 
in our stomachs. We will not have good health. We will 
have to get false teeth. 

The man who takes care of our teeth is called a dentist. 
The dentist cleans our teeth. When our teeth are decayed 
the dentist cleans out the holes and puts in a filling. Then 
they do not decay any more. When our teeth have to be 
pulled out the dentist pulls them. When we need false 
teeth the dentist makes them for us. 

The baby has baby teeth. These teeth drop out when 
the child is about ten years old. The permanent teeth 

145 


Long I —10 


grow in their places. When baby teeth get loose they 
should be pulled, so that the permanent teeth will grow 
in straight. 

How many teeth does a man have? How many are in 
his upper jaw? What is the outside of the tooth called? 
What should we do to keep our teeth from decaying? 
What should we do when there are holes in our teeth? 
What is the man called who takes care of our teeth ? What 


kind of teeth has 

a baby? 



tooth 

enamel 

grinding 

permanent 

toothbrush 

decay 

biting 

false 

toothache 

filling 

roots 

rough 


NEWSPAPERS 

The newspaper tells us what is going on in the world. 
The man who says what shall go into the newspaper is 
called the editor. The man who sets up the type is called 
the printer. When anything takes place that is worth 
putting into the newspaper, the editor writes an account 
of it. The printer takes this story and sets it in type, one 
letter at a time, so that it will print the story. The 
type is arranged in forms the size of a page of a newspaper. 
These are locked together so they cannot move. The ink 
is put on these letters with long rubber rollers. Then 
the clean paper is put on them. This prints the paper. 

But a newspaper tells you more than the news. It 
prints advertisements. The advertisements tell you where 
you can buy what you want, and what you will have to 
pay for it. They tell you who is wanting men and where 
you can get work. They tell you where you can rent a flat, 
or where you can find some one to buy your horse. 

146 


COTTON 


Cotton is the long white hairs that grow on the seeds 
of the cotton plant. The plants are set out in rows about 
three feet apart, and they grow to be about three feet 
high. The blossoms are white, and cover the plant as 
thick as roses on a rosebush. When the blossoms fall off, 
the plants are seen to be covered with large green balls, 
called bolls. These 
bolls contain the 
seeds. When the 
bolls are ripe they 
turn brown and 
burst open. Then 
you can see the 
cotton, and the 
plants are all white 
with it. 

Men and women 
and children now 
pass along the rows 

of plants picking the cotton out of the dry bolls, and placing 
it in baskets or sacks which they carry. The seeds are 
picked with the cotton, for it grows very tight to them. 
The cotton is then taken to the gin where it is passed be¬ 
tween rollers, and pulled off the seeds. It is then bound 
into large bundles, called bales, and shipped to some fac¬ 
tory where cotton cloth is made. 

The cotton seeds are crushed, and the oil pressed out 
of them. The oil is sold as cottonseed oil, sometimes as 
olive oil. The rest of the crushed seeds is sold as a food 
for cattle. 



147 
















MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS OF THE 
UNITED STATES 


There are two great mountain systems in the United 
States. The Appalachian Mountains are in the eastern 
part, and the Rocky Mountains are in the western part. 
The great Mississippi Valley lies between them. The Rocky 
Mountains form one of the largest mountain systems in 
the world. 

There are three great plains in the United States: the 
Atlantic Coast Plain, the Pacific Coast Plain, and the 
Gulf Coast Plain. These three plains and the Mississippi 
Valley make the great farming region of the United States. 

Many important rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean: 
the Connecticut River, the Hudson River, the Delaware 
River, the Susquehanna River, the Potomac River, and 
the James River. 

There are also large rivers which flow into the Pacific 
Ocean: the Columbia River, the Sacramento River, and 
the Colorado River. 

The Mississippi River and the Rio Grande River flow 
into the Gulf of Mexico. 

The St. Lawrence River is in Canada. 

In what part of the LTnited States are the Appalachian 
Mountains? In what part of the United States are the 
Rocky Mountains? What rivers of the United States flow 
into the Atlantic Ocean? What rivers flow into the 
Pacific Ocean? What rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico? 

mountain Connecticut Columbia Rocky 

system Hudson Sacramento Potomac 

Appalachian Susquehanna Colorado Rio Grande 

148 


COTTON CLOTH 


Cotton cloth is made from cotton. When the cotton 
reaches the mill it is first carefully cleaned. Then it is 
carded, so that the fibers, or hairs, will lie straight. Next, 
the fibers are drawn out and twisted into a thread. This 
is called spinning. The spinning is done by machines. 
Some of the ma¬ 
chines spin two thou¬ 
sand threads at one 
time. 

These threads are 
then woven into 
cloth. The weaving 
is done on a machine 
called a loom. A 
large number of 
threads are arranged 
side by side to run 
the long way of the 
cloth. These are 
called warp threads, 
and forth between these, under some and over others, 
weaving in the cross threads. These are called woof 
threads. 

Some of the cotton grown in the United States is sent 
to England to be manufactured into cloth. But most of 
it is sent to the mills in the New England states, in our 
own country. There are also some cotton mills in the 
cotton states of the South. 

fiber loom weave wove spun 

carded warp woof twisted woven 

149 



Then other threads are run back 
































STREETS AND BOULEVARDS 


The streets of the city belong to the public. They are 
public streets. They belong to the people. Some streets 
are called avenues. There are so many horses and wagons 
and autos and motor trucks on the streets that they have 
to be paved. If the streets were not paved, they would 
get full of holes. Boulevards are paved with asphalt. 
This makes a very smooth street so that the autos and 
carriages run easily. Streets for heavy hauling are paved 
with granite blocks. This makes a rough street, but it 
is very hard. It can bear heavy loads. Other streets 
are paved with wood blocks, with bricks, or with crushed 
stone. 

The city keeps the streets clean. Men in white clothing 
sweep the boulevards all the time. They put the dirt into 
iron boxes which are placed by the side of the streets. 
By and by, a city wagon comes along, this dirt is thrown 
into it and hauled away to some dump. Sometimes the 
firemen turn floods of water upon the streets, and wash 
the dirt into the sewers. 

The superintendent of streets takes care of the streets 
of the city. The men are paid by the city. 

To whom do the streets of a city belong? Why must 
streets be paved? Who keeps the streets clean? Who 
pays the men who keep the streets clean? 


public 

boulevard 

gangs 

heavy 

paved 

granite 

floods 

asphalt 

people 

avenue 

motor 

carriage 

firemen 

sewers 

avenue 

wagon 

rough 

crushed 

placed 

trucks 


T 5° 


CITY SEWERS 


The city builds sewers under its streets. The large 
sewers are built of brick and are sometimes five or six 
feet high. The smaller sewers empty into these larger 
ones. They are made of iron pipes or of tile pipes. It is 
like a number of little rivers under the city. The water 
from our houses or factories, or from the streets runs into 
these sewers and carries the dirt away. The large sewers 
empty into the river or into a lake and thus the dirt is car¬ 
ried away from the city. 

Sometimes some of the dirt stays in the bottom of the 
sewer and will not wash away. Then some men will open 
a manhole, put a ladder down and go down into the sewer. 
They dig up the dirt with shovels, put it in buckets and 
bring it up to the street. Then the dirt is hauled away. 

The superintendent of streets and his men look after 
the sewers. The city pays the men for taking care of the 
sewers. We could not live in a city without sewers. The 
dirt and the filth of the city would make us all sick. 


sewers 

factory 

stays 

shovels 

empty 

factories 

manhole 

buckets 

builds 

built 

freedom 

smaller 

under 

brick 

iron 

larger 

dirt 

tile 

carried 

rivers 

feet 

lake 

streets 

bottom 

filth 

ladder 

hauled 

superintendent 


Long may our land be bright 
With freedom’s holy light; 
Protect us by Thy might, 
Great God, our king. 

151 


WOOL AND LINEN CLOTH 


Wool clothing is made from wool. When the wool 
reaches the factory it is first washed and carefully cleaned. 
It is then carded, so that the fibers that make up the wool 
will lie straight. Then it is spun. That is, the fibers 
are drawn out and twisted into threads. This is done by 
machinery, and many threads are twisted at one time. 
The threads are then dyed, to give them different colors 
before they are woven into cloth. The weaving of wool 
is just like the weaving of cotton. The warp threads are 
woven back and forth by means of the shuttle. 

Some of our wool is shipped to the mills in England, but 
most of it is woven in the woolen mills of the New England 
states. 

Linen cloth is made from the inner bark of the flax 
plant. The plant grows about as high as wheat, and bears 
seeds from which flax seed oil is made. When the plant 
is ripe it is pulled up by the roots and thrown into a stream 
of water, where it is left a while and then taken out and 
dried; the stalks are broken on a flax-brake. But the in¬ 
ner bark does not break. It is tough and remains like long 
hairs. It is then scutched, or beaten with a large wooden 
knife, to get the woody parts out and leave the stringy 
bark. When this is done it is carded, spun, and woven 
like cotton or wool. 

Linen is very good cloth. It is used in tablecloths, 
napkins, handkerchiefs, laces, and other fine cloth. 

What is wool clothing made of? Where do we get the 
wool? How are the fibers twisted into threads? Where 
are most of the woolen mills of this country ? What is linen 
cloth made from? What else is made from the flax plant? 

152 


CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES 


New York is the largest city in the United States. It is 
on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. 
A great many ships come to New York from other coun¬ 
tries of the world. They bring a great many people who 
come to live in this country. The ships also bring a very 
large trade. New York is a ship city. 

Chicago is the second city in the United States. It is on 
Lake Michigan in the Mississippi Valley. Most of its trade 
is carried on by railroads. Chicago is a railroad city. 

San Francisco is a ship city on the western coast of the 
United States. The people who come to San Francisco 
from the Old World come across the Pacific Ocean. Most 
of her trade comes from Asia. 

Denver is a mining city. It is in the Rocky Mountains 
and near a great many mines. All of its trade comes by 
railroads. 

Minneapolis is a milling city. It is at the falls of St. 
Anthony, on the Mississippi River. It is in the great wheat¬ 
growing region and near a great forest region. It has the 
largest flour mills and lumber mills in the world. 

New Orleans is near the mouth of the Mississippi River. 
The ships that cross the ocean can come up the river as far 
as New Orleans. They come to get the cotton that is 
grown in the Southern states. New Orleans is a great 
cotton city. 

Boston is a ship city. It is on Massachusetts Bay. 
Most of its trade comes by ships across the Atlantic Ocean. 

Philadelphia is a ship city. It is on the Delaware 
River, but ships that cross the ocean can come up the 
river that far. 


i53 


Pittsburgh is a manufacturing city. It is at the head of 
the Ohio River. There are many coal mines about Pitts¬ 
burgh. There are many iron mines about it. Pittsburgh 
manufactures iron and steel. 

What is the largest city in the United States? What is 
the second city in the United States? Where is San Fran¬ 
cisco? What city of the United States has the largest 
flour mills and lumber mills in the world? What is the 
great cotton city of the United States? What kind of 
city is Boston? Where is Philadelphia? What kind of 
city is Pittsburgh ? 


THE GOVERNOR 

The chief officer in the government of the state is the 
governor. He has to sign his name to all bills that are 
passed by the state legislature before they become laws. 
If the governor does not think that a bill will make a good 
law he “vetoes” it. That is, he says he is against it, and 
will not sign it. Then the legislature will have to pass the 
bill over again, or it does not become a law. The 
governor has much to do with making the laws of the 
state. 

The governor has to see that all men obey the laws of 
the state. He is commander of the state militia, or the 
soldiers of the state. He appoints men to look after the 
asylums for the blind people, the deaf people, and the in¬ 
sane people of the state. He appoints men to look after 
the penitentiaries or jails of the state. 

The governor lives in a large house which is owned by 
the state. It is called the “Executive Mansion.” The 

name of the governor of this state is. 

154 



STATE LEGISLATURES 


The United States is made up of a number of states. 
Each state makes its own laws and has its own govern¬ 
ment. The name of this state is. 

The men who make the laws are called legislators. When 
the legislators of the state are met together they are called 
the state legislature. They meet in two rooms. Those 
who meet in one room are called senators, and those who 
meet in the other room are called representatives. 

The city in which they meet is called the capital city of 

the state. The capital city of this state is. The 

building in which the legislature meets is called the capitol 
building. 

There are many legislators in each state. The state 
is divided into districts and a senator or representative is 
elected from each district. They are elected by the voters 
who live in that district. 

Every citizen born or naturalized in the United States can 
vote for state legislators. 

When a law is proposed to the state legislature it is called 
a bill. First, the legislators talk about the bill; that is, 
they discuss it. Some of them are for it and some are 
against it. After they have discussed the bill for some 
time they vote on it. The president of the senate or the 
house of representatives says, “All those who are in favor 
of this bill will say ‘Aye.’” “All those who are against it 
will say ‘No.’” If more than half of the legislators vote 
“Aye” the bill is passed. 

The voters should be very careful to select good men 
to be legislators. Good men make good laws. Bad men 
make bad laws. 


iS5 




THE POLICE DEPARTMENT 


The city has a police department. In the police de¬ 
partment there are many policemen. They look after all 
parts of the city. Each man has a certain part of the city 
which he is to look after. This part is called his beat. He 
is to keep walking about the streets at all hours of the day 
or night, to see that our property is safe, and to see that 
no one gets hurt. Every hour he is expected to stop at a 
police telephone box, and report to the officer at the station. 

Each policeman is on duty a certain number of hours 
each day or night. When his time is up, he goes to the 
station and another policeman is sent out to take his place. 
Some watch while others sleep. Over each squad of police¬ 
men there is a sergeant of police, and over a number of 
squads there is a captain of police. The whole police force 
is organized like an army. The highest police officer is the 
chief of police. He has charge of them all. 

Some of the policemen ride horses. These are called 
mounted police. Some ride on motorcycles. These look 
after the automobiles to see that they do not run too fast. 
Some policemen do not wear a uniform. These are called 
detectives. Their duty is to try to find out who has com¬ 
mitted crimes. If a man is found murdered, it is the duty 
of the detectives to find out who committed the murder. 
If a store is robbed, the detectives should find out who the 
robber was. 

The police department takes care of the lives and the 
property of the people. 

What do the policemen look after? What is a police¬ 
man’s beat? What does a policeman do when his time is 
up? What are mounted police? What are detectives? 

156 


PRUNES, RAISINS, AND DATES 


Prunes are made from plums. Only the largest and 
sweetest plums are used for prunes. The plums are first 
picked and carefully washed in warm water. They are 
then spread out upon long trays and left in the sun to dry. 
Several times a day, for about two weeks, men go about 
among them, rolling them over so that they will dry evenly 
on all sides. When they are dried, they are sorted and 
packed in boxes ready to be sold. Prunes are good for us 
to eat. 

Prunes are raised in California, France, Germany, 
Spain, and South Africa. 

Raisins are made from grapes. The grapes are picked 
and laid out in the sun to dry. When they are dried they 
are packed in boxes and sold. Most of the raisins come 
from Spain, but some are grown in California. 

Dates are the fruit of the date palm tree. The tree grows 
only in hot and dry countries. The palm tree grows very 
high without branches and has only a few leaves on the very 
top. Each tree bears several clusters of dates up near the 
leaves. Dates are very sweet and are good for us to eat. 
They are the principal food of the Arabs on the Desert of 
Sahara and Arabia. 

What are prunes made from ? Where are prunes grown ? 
What are raisins? Where do raisins come from? What 
are dates? Where do dates come from? Name six other 
kinds of fruit. 


prunes 

trays 

California 

Germany 

raisins 

sorted 

France 

palm 

dates 

Arabs 

Spain 

clusters 

principal 

Arabia 

desert 

Sahara 


i57 


THE PARKS OF THE CITY 


The city takes care of the parks. Men plant the trees 
and shrubs and keep them trimmed and watered, so that 
they are green and give good shade. Men water the grass 
so that it will be green and fresh for the people to walk on 
and children to play on. Men cut the grass with lawn 
mowers so that it will not get too long. Men sprinkle the 



streets so that the dust will not fly and get on the grass and 
trees. Men set out flowers, water them and take care of 
them, so that they will be pretty for the people to look 
at. 

There are policemen in the parks to see that the children 
do not get hurt as they run and play. There are ponds and 
lagoons in the park where we can watch the fish swim about, 
and where we may go boating in summer, and skating in 
winter. There are playgrounds in the park where we may 
play ball, and other games. There are men in the park 
who pick up the papers and lunch boxes which the people 
drop. 


158 

































The city keeps the parks clean and pleasant for us, and 
we should help do this. Our children should not pick the 
flowers or break the trees. The city pays the men who 
keep the park clean. 

Who takes care of the parks? What do the policemen 
in the parks do ? Who keeps the parks clean ? 

trimmed lawn mowers ponds boating 

watered sprinkled lagoons skating 

TEA 

Tea is made from the leaves of the tea plant. The 
trees are planted in rows, and kept trimmed so that they 
do not grow more than five or six feet high. When the 
trees are about three years old the first crop of leaves may 
be gathered. They are gathered four times a year. A 
tree will continue to yield good leaves for 25 or 30 years. 

Only the young leaves are taken. The tea plant is an 
evergreen and the old leaves remain on the tree. Women 
and children pick off the leaves one at a time, and then 
spread them out to dry in the sun. As they are drying 
men and women keep rubbing and rolling them between 
their hands. This helps them to dry more quickly and 
gives them the curled appearance which tea has. When 
the leaves are dry they are packed in boxes ready to be 
shipped. 

Tea is grown in China, Japan, India, Java, and Ceylon. 
We do not grow any tea in the United States. 

What is tea ? Who pick the leaves from the trees ? How 
are the leaves dried ? Where is tea grown ? 

Japan China India Java Ceylon curled 

i59 


THE TELEPHONE 


The telephone is a wonderful invention. The name is 
long so we sometimes speak of it only as a phone. By 
using the telephone you can talk with your friends when 
they are away from you. You can hear them talk to you. 

You can know their voices and hear 
what they have to say. You talk into 
the mouthpiece, and you listen through 
a receiver which you put to your ear. 
Long wires run from your phone to the 
phone of the person you are talking with. 
These wires are charged with electricity 
and they carry the messages. 

But you have to be connected with 
your friend through a telephone exchange. In the exchange 
is a switch-board, and sitting before the switch-board are 
a number of girls ready to make connections. You take 
down the receiver on your phone, and that lights a little 
lamp before one of the girls. At once she says “ Number, 
please,” and you tell her the number of the party you 
want to talk with. She takes the wire from your phone 
and connects it with the wire to his phone. This rings the 
bell on his phone, and he answers your call. 

What is the short name for telephone? What do you 
do with a telephone? Can you hear your friend talk? 
What carries the messages? Where is the connection 
made between you and the party you wish to talk to ? 



phone 

telephone 

message 

connected 


wonderful 

invention 

exchange 

switch-board 

160 


voices 

mouthpiece 

party 

answers 


receiver 

charged 

listen 

carry 



CONGRESS 


The men who make the laws for the United States are 
called congressmen. They meet in two rooms, called 
houses. Those congressmen who meet in one room are 
called senators, and those who meet in the other room are 
called representatives. When all the congressmen are 
met together they are called the Congress of the United 
States. The city in which they meet is called the capital. 
The capital city of the United States is Washington. The 
building in which the congress meets is called the capitol 
building. 

When a law is proposed to congress it is called a bill. 
The congressmen discuss the bill. Some are for it and 
others are against it. After they have discussed it for 
a short time they vote on it. The president of the senate 
or of the house of representatives says, “All those in favor 
of this bill will say ‘ Aye.’ All those who are opposed to 
it will say ‘No.’” If more than half of the congressmen 
vote “Aye,” the bill is passed. * 

There are many Congressmen in the Congress of the 
United States. The people of each state elect two senators, 
and these make up the senate of the United States. 
Each state is divided into districts, and the people of each 
district elect one member of the house of representatives. 

We should be careful to elect good men to be congress¬ 
men. Good men will make good laws. Bad men will 
make bad laws. 


beat telephone 

expected report 
organized army 
crimes murder 


duty 

certain 

mounted 

murdered 

161 


station 

squad 

detectives 

robbed 


sergeant 

captain 

committee 

robber 


Long I — 11 


THE PRESIDENT 


The chief officer in the government of the United States 
is the president. He signs his name to all bills passed by 
congress before they become laws. If the president does 
not think a bill will make a good law he “ vetoes” it. That 
is, he says he is opposed to it and will not sign it. Then 
congress will have to pass the bill over again or it will not 
be a law. The president has much to do with making the 
laws of the United States. 

The president has to see that all men obey the laws of 
the United States. He is commander of all the soldiers 
of the United States. 

The president appoints all postmasters and mail carriers 
in the United States and sees that the mail is carried to 
the right places. He appoints all collectors of revenue, 
keepers of lighthouses, and men who look after the people 
who come from other countries to the United States. 

The president lives in a large house which is owned by 
the government and which is called the White House. 
The White House is the Executive Mansion of the United 
States. The name of the president of the United States is 


THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT 

The post office is a part of the United States govern¬ 
ment. The city does not pay for having our mail carried 
to us. The United States pays the postman. 

There is a post office in every city and town in this coun¬ 
try. The man in charge of the post office is the post¬ 
master. He is appointed by the president of the United 

162 



States. Some post offices have many clerks. When mail 
is brought in from the mail boxes these clerks sort it over 
and put it into mail bags. All the mail that goes to a cer¬ 
tain town is put into a bag for that town. Then the bags 
are put into a wagon and hauled to the railroad station. 

The mail bags are put into mail cars. Sometimes the 
whole train is made up of mail cars. Then it is called a 
mail train. There are mail clerks on these mail cars. 
They sort over the mail as the train runs. At every station 
they throw off bags of mail and take on other bags of mail. 
Sometimes the train does not stop, but the mail is thrown 
off and taken on as the train runs. 

Even in the country the United States carries our mail 
to us. The mail carrier has a horse and wagon. He puts 
the mail in the wagon and drives along the road. Each 
farmer has a mail box in front of his house. When the 
postman comes to one of these boxes, he puts in the mail 
he has for that person, and takes out what the farmer wants 
to send to other persons. When mail is delivered in the 
country it is called Rural Free Delivery. 

The United States makes the postage stamps. They 
are printed in Washington, and sent out to all the post 
offices to be sold. There are 2 £ stamps, 5^ stamps, 10^ 
stamps, and many others. Even large packages may be 
sent by mail. The money received from the sale of postage 
stamps is used to pay postmasters, mail carriers, and other 
expenses. 

The government makes two other kinds of stamps: 
special delivery stamps, and registered mail stamps. A 
special delivery stamp costs 10^. If a letter comes into 
the office with a special delivery stamp on it, the postmaster 
will not wait for the regular carrier to deliver the letter, but 

163 


will send it at once by a special carrier. A registered mail 
stamp costs io^. If you register your letter and it is lost, 
the government will pay you for it. 

The government makes postal cards. A postal card 
costs one cent. The stamp is already on the postal card. 
You have only to write what you want to, put on the ad¬ 
dress, and drop it in the mail box. 

The post office sells money orders. If you want to send 
money to some one in another town or another country, 
do not put the money in a letter. It might get lost, or be 
stolen. Go to the post office, give the postmaster the 
amount of money you want to send, and he will give you a 
money order for that amount. Send the money order to 
your friend; he will take it to his post office and get the 
money for it. A money order costs only a few cents. 

The government has postal savings banks. These banks 
are at the post office. If you put your money in the postal 
savings banks, it is safe. The United States has promised 
to pay you. It also pays you a small interest. 

Who pays the postman for bringing our mail to us? 
Who is the postmaster? Who appoints the postmaster? 
Who sorts out the mail when it comes into the post office? 
How is mail taken from one town to another? Who makes 
the postage stamps? Who gets the money we pay for 
postage stamps ? What does a special delivery stamp cost ? 


mail 

postman 
mail carrier 
stamp 
address 


Spelling 

mail box mail clerk postmaster 

mail car mail bag postal card 

mail train packages expenses 

money order interest register 

postal appoints special 


164 


INDEPENDENCE DAY 


The Fourth of July is America’s great holiday. On 
the fourth day of July, 1776, the American colonies declared 
that they would be free and independent of England. They 
wrote a long paper telling what the king of England had 
done, and why they would be independent of him. This 
paper was called the Declaration of Independence. Thomas 
Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. 

The Declaration of Independence says that all men are 
created free and equal. It says that the king of England 
tried to tax the Americans without their consent. It says 
that the king had sent soldiers among the Americans who 
abused and insulted them. It says that the king had re¬ 
fused to give good laws to the Americans. It said that 
the “American colonies are and of right ought to be free 
and independent states.” 

The American colonies had a long war with England. 
George Washington led the armies of America. George 
Washington won in the war, and America was free. 

So we celebrate the Fourth of July as America’s Inde¬ 
pendence Day. 

What is America’s great holiday? In what year did 
the American colonies declare that they would be free from 
England? Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? 
What did the Declaration of Independence say? What 
day is America’s Independence Day? 

Name two other American holidays. Which of these 
days do you like best? Why? 

colonies independent soldiers refused 

declared consent insulted celebrate 

165 


THE LIBERTY BELL 


This is the Liberty Bell. Long ago, it hung in the 
tower of the state house at Philadelphia. The Second 
Continental Congress of the American colonies met in 
the red brick state house. They were about to declare 

that they would be free 
from England. The old 
bellringer had climbed 
the ladder to the belfry 
to be ready to ring the 
bell. His small grand¬ 
son was standing at the 
door ready to tell his 
grandfather when the 
congress passed the Dec¬ 
laration of Independ¬ 
ence. A great crowd of 
men had gathered on the 
street outside. 

It was the Fourth of 
July, 1776. Inside the building the men were discussing the 
Declaration of Independence. Outside, the crowd waited 
to hear what the congress would do. The bell was to tell 
them. Soon the door opened and a man spoke to the boy. 

“Ring! Oh, Ring!” the boy cried to his grandfather. 
The old bellringer seized the clapper and flung it against 
the side of the bell. Then grasping the rope he rang and 
rang and rang, and the people shouted for liberty. 

The red brick state house still stands in Philadelphia, 
but it is no longer the state house. It is Independence 
Hall, and the bell is known as the Liberty Bell. 

166 





















For a long time the Liberty Bell was rung on the Fourth 
of July each year. Many years ago it cracked and could 
not be mended. It is not rung any more but is still kept 
so that the people may see it and think of the Declaration 
of Independence. 

Where is the Liberty Bell? 

In what place did it hang many years ago ? 

What is a state house ? Where is Philadelphia ? 

What is meant by Continental Congress? 

What is the Declaration of Independence ? 

Why do we celebrate the Fourth of July? 

Independence Philadelphia belfry gathered 

SILK 

Silk is made by the silkworm. The silkworm is a cater¬ 
pillar which feeds upon the leaves of the mulberry tree. When 
the silkworm is ready to go to sleep for the winter it spins 
its own cocoon just like any other caterpillar. It makes a 
fine thread from its own body, and winds that around and 
around itself a great many times. This makes a nice warm 
place in which the caterpillar sleeps while it changes itself 
into a butterfly. In the spring when it begins to get warm, 
the butterfly eats its way out of this cocoon and flies away. 
But the silkworm butterfly does not come out. If it did, 
it would cut that long thread into a great many short 
threads. So the cocoon is heated so hot that the butterfly 
is killed. Then the thread is unwound and woven into 
silk ribbons and silk cloth just like any other thread. 

Silk is made in China, Japan, India, Italy, and France. 

silk caterpillar cocoon unwound 

silkworm mulberry butterfly ribbons 


167 


THE HARE AND THE TORTOISE 


“How very slow you are,” said the Hare to the Tortoise. 

“I will run a race with you,” said the Tortoise. 

“Very well,” said the Hare, and they asked the Fox to 
be the judge. 

They started together. The Hare ran very fast and was 
soon far ahead of the Tortoise. “ I will stop here and rest,” 
he said. “That Tortoise is so slow that I can catch up to 
him when I please.” 

Then he lay down and fell asleep. 

The Tortoise kept plodding along until he came to the 
end of the course. When the Hare woke up, he ran as 
fast he could. But the Tortoise had reached the post ahead 
of him and won the race. 

THE WIND AND THE SUN 

The Wind and the Sun had a quarrel as to which of the 
two was the stronger. Soon a traveler came down the road, 
and the Sun said, “ The one of us who can make that traveler 
take off his coat, shall prove the stronger. You begin.” 

The Wind began. It blew as hard as it could, but the 
traveler only wrapped his cloak more closely about him 
and ran behind a hill for shelter. 

Then the Sun began. It burst through the clouds and 
poured its hot rays upon the traveler’s head. He was 
soon too hot to walk with his cloak on, so he threw it off 
and rested in the shade of a tree. 

What is a fable? 

What does the fable of the Hare and the Tortoise teach? 

Tell some other fable that you have read. 

What is a hare? What is a tortoise? 

168 


MEMORIAL DAY 


The 30th day of May is Memorial Day. It is the day 
we set aside to remember the soldiers who fought and 
died to save this country. The people of the Southern 
states had negro slaves. The people of the Northern 
states did not have negro slaves. The people of the 
Southern states wanted to take their slaves into the North¬ 
ern states. They wanted to make the Northern states 
slave states. The people of the Northern states did not 
want the Northern states to be slave states. They thought 
that slavery was wrong. They thought that no man has a 
right to make a slave of another man. They elected Abra¬ 
ham Lincoln president of the United States. 

The Southern states left the Union. They said they 
would not be a part of the United States. They tried to 
break up the United States. They elected Jefferson Davis 
president of their government. 

But Lincoln said they could not leave the Union. There 
was a long war between the Northern states of the United 
States and the Southern states of the United States. 
It is called the Civil War. Thousands of men were killed 
on both sides, and thousands more came home sick and 
died. But Abraham Lincoln made all the slaves free. 

So we set aside the 30th day of May to remember the 
soldiers who fought in the Civil War, and to decorate their 
graves with flowers and flags. The day is also called Dec¬ 
oration Day. 

What day is Memorial Day? Whom do we remember 
on Memorial Day? Who fought the Civil War? 

memory fought negro Memorial Day 

remember slave wrong Civil War 

169 


ABRAHAM LINCOLN, THE BOY 


Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin in .Kentucky. 
It was a very poor house. It had only one room. There 
was no plaster on the walls or on the ceiling. There was no 
carpet on the floor. There were cracks in the walls between 
the logs, where the cold wind blew through. There were 
cracks in the roof, where the rain and snow sometimes 
came in. The floor was made of very rough boards. 

There was no stove in that house. The only fire was 
made by burning logs, in a large fireplace in one end of 



the house. There was no gas, not even lamps in that 
house. The only light they had came from the fire in 
the fireplace. 

When Abraham Lincoln was nine years old, his father 
moved to Indiana. Ihere he helped to build another log 
house where he lived until he was grown up. This house 
was in the midst of small clearings where the stumps of 
trees still stood, and where they raised a little corn to 
make corn bread, and to feed a cow and a few pigs. There 

170 








































was no orchard about this house and only a little garden 
where they raised potatoes and a few vegetables. 

Young Abe had to work very hard. He had to cut 
down the trees and bring in the logs for the lire in the 
fireplace. He had to hoe the corn in the corn patch, 
and dig the potatoes from the garden. He had no time 
to run and play as our boys do. 

There was no school near for the boy to go to. His 
mother taught him to read and write. He had only one 
or two books and these he used to read by the light of the 
fire at night. He was too poor to buy even a pencil and 
paper. 

When the boy was about eighteen years old his family 
moved to Illinois, and he and his father built another log 
cabin like the old one. Abe had grown to be very tall and 
strong. He was over six feet tall, without his shoes, and he 
could lift a bigger load or cut down a tree more quickly 
than most men. His father wanted to build fences around 
his fields. Abe cut down the big trees and split them 
into rails. He did his work so fast and so well that he was 
afterwards called the “Illinois rail splitter.” 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN, THE YOUNG MAN 

For a time Abraham Lincoln kept a country store. 
One day a woman came in and bought some groceries. 
After she had gone, Lincoln discovered that he had charged 
her six cents too much. That night, after the store was 
closed, he walked five miles to pay that six cents back. 
Lincoln was often called “Honest Abe.” 

One day a man left a barrel in the store. He thought 
the barrel was empty but when Lincoln looked in it he 

171 


found a law book there. Right then, he began to study 
to be a lawyer. He would lie on the counter in the store 
and read that law book. He would lie on the ground in 
the shade of a tree and read that law book. Lincoln be¬ 
came a great lawyer. 

All the people liked Abraham Lincoln. They knew he 
was honest. They knew he could be trusted. They 
gave their law business to him. They elected him a member 
of the state legislature, to make laws for the state. Then 
they elected him a congressman, to make laws for the 
United States. 

Abraham Lincoln thought that slavery was wrong. 
He thought that no man had a right to make a slave of 
another man. He said that no man had a right to eat 
the bread that was earned by another man. He made 
many speeches against slavery. The people of the North¬ 
ern states believed what Abraham Lincoln said. In i860 
they elected him president of the United States. 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN, THE PRESIDENT 

The people of the Southern states thought President 
Lincoln was going to take away their slaves. They thought 
he was going to set all the slaves free. They did not want 
to give up their slaves. They wanted their slaves to work 
for them. They said they would not be a part of the 
United States. They said they would break up the United 
States. They fired on the flag of the United States. 

Then Abraham Lincoln called for soldiers to fight for the 
flag. Many soldiers came to fight for the United States. 
They called President Lincoln, “ Father Abraham.” There 
was a long war. General Robert E. Lee was the leader of 

172 


the armies of the South. General Ulysses S. Grant was the 
leader of the armies of the North. That war is called the 
Civil War. Many men were killed or wounded on both sides. 

President Lincoln was always kind to the soldiers. 
He used to go to see them when they were sick. He 
used to sit beside them when they were wounded. He 
used to talk with them and write letters for them. All 
the soldiers loved him. 

Abraham Lincoln set all the slaves free. He wrote 
the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proc¬ 
lamation said that the slaves of all those who were fight¬ 
ing against the United States should be free. In this way 
4,000,000 negro slaves were made free men and women. 
Abraham Lincoln is called “the Great Emancipator.” 

After four years of fighting the Civil War came to an 
end. General Lee surrendered his army to General Grant. 
President Lincoln was happy. He was glad that the 

war w T as over, and there would be no more soldiers killed. 

/■ 

One night he went to the theater. One of the actors came 
from the stage and shot him in the back of the head. The 
next morning Abraham Lincoln was dead. 

They put his body on a railroad train and covered the 
train with black cloth. They took the body to Illinois. 
Everywhere the people came out to see the train. 

They buried Abraham Lincoln in Springfield, and the 
state of Illinois built a great monument over his grave. 

Abraham Lincoln was born on the 12th day of February. 
This is why we celebrate Lincoln’s Birthday at that time. 

charged found trusted earned 

honest law book business believed 

empty lawyer legislature fired 

173 


THE BUILDING DEPARTMENT 


Every city has a Building Department. If you want to 
put up a building in the city you must first get permis¬ 
sion from the Building Department. This department 
of the city government will not let you build a house 
of wood in certain parts of the city because wood houses 
take fire and burn too easily. If your house burns, it may 
set fire to the house next to yours. The old wood houses 
may stay, but no new ones can be built. 

The Building Department will look at the plans of your 
building. They want to see that it is well built, so that 
it will not fall down or the roof fall in and kill some one. 
They want to know if the stairs are wide enough to let 
the people out if the building should take fire. The city 
does not want any one to get hurt. 

The Building Department must know that the electric 
wires are put in right so that they will not get crossed 
and set fire to the building. They must know that the 
plumbing is put in right, and properly connected with the 
sewer. If the plumbing is not done right, the people who 
live in the house will be sick. 

All buildings must be built a certain height above the 
ground, because if they are not, the water from the build¬ 
ing will not drain into the sewer, and the people will be sick. 
All buildings must be built on a certain line. If you build 
your building too far out toward the street you cut off the 
light from your neighbor. 


build 

building 

built 

height 


permission 

easily 

plans 

right 


stairs 

plumbing 

properly 

connect 


certain 

drain 

neighbor 

labor 


174 


WANT ADS 


In the newspaper, in the column which says, “Men 
Wanted,” you will find something like these: 

WANTED — Man to work in a grocery. Apply 
at once. 204 E. 26th St. 


WANTED — Carpenter to work on a house, 
660 W. Randolph St. Apply tomorrow at 
eight o’clock. Bring tools. 

WANTED — Bricklayers. Apply at 72nd St. 
and Bennett Ave. Steady work all winter. 

WANTED — Good shoemakers on machine 
work. Apply after four o’clock at 1050 E. 
Fulton St. 

WANTED — Coat maker and shirt maker, at 
300 E. 43rd St. 

WANTED — Carpenters for inside work. Must 
speak English. Write Pullman Car Shop, 
Chicago, Ill. 


Write in your book this letter to the Pullman Car Shops 
asking for work as a carpenter: 



. . . 




^SMLl&yrL'&vi: 



I 75 




THE FIRE DEPARTMENT 


The city has a Fire Department. There are many fire¬ 
men in the city and they all stay at the fire houses. The 
men at each fire house are called a fire company. Each 
fire company has a certain part of the city which they 
are expected to look after. They have a fire engine, a 
hose cart, a hook and ladder wagon, and sometimes other 
wagons. Each company of firemen has officers, like the 
officers of police. The highest officer in the fire depart¬ 
ment is called the chief. 

The fire-alarm boxes are placed on lamp posts at the 
street corners and before large buildings. When you see a 
fire break out, you should run to the nearest box and give 
the alarm. This will ring a bell in the nearest fire house 
and the fire company will hurry to the fire. If you are 
not near a fire-alarm box you can call the fire house on 
the telephone. 

The fire department makes us put up fire escapes. 
These are to be used when the stairways are on fire. Peo¬ 
ple should not put things on the fire escapes. If they 
do, the fire escapes cannot be used when they are needed, 
and some one may get killed. The city tries to save the 
lives of the people, as well as the property of the people. 

PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

' i 

There are public schools in the city. Every few blocks 
there is a school to which all the children may go. The 
public schools are free. You do not have to pay anything 
for sending your children there. Every child who is 
six years old should be sent to some school, and every 
child who is four years old may be sent to some kinder- 

176 


garten. The public schools will teach all the children 
to read and write and spell, and give them some knowl¬ 
edge of arithmetic, geography, and history. 

There are also free public high schools in the city where 
the children may go after they have finished the work 
in elementary schools. In these schools our children are 



taught more about geography, history, mathematics, and 
literature. In some schools children are taught to be 
milliners, stenographers, bookkeepers, or machinists. Every 
child who can should go to a high school. 

There are also evening schools in the city. In these 
schools men and women are taught to read, write, and 
speak the English language. Boys and girls who could 
not finish the elementary schools may go to the evening 

177 


Long I —12 



















schools. The free public evening schools are for the people 
who have to work during the day in order to make a living. 
In some of the evening high schools men and women are 
taught good trades. 


kindergarten 

mathematics 

literature 

stenographers 

geography 


trade 

public schools 
public streets 
public parks 
history 


knowledge 
machinists 
day schools 
evening schools 
high schools 


Pronouns 


Sometimes we do not use the names of persons or things. 
We use other words which take the place of the nouns. 
In the sentence, “The policeman will bring the child 
home when he finds him,” the word he is used in the place 
of the policeman , and the word him is used in the place of 
the word child. These words are used instead of the nouns. 
They are called pronouns. 

Fill these blanks with proper pronouns: 

The blacksmith will put the shoe on the horse when 
.gets the iron hot. 

The woman will hang the clothes on a line when. 

has washed them. 

My shoulder is called a joint because.will bend. 

The firemen will rush to the fire when .hear the 

alarm. 

You and I will go to the blackboard when.hear 

the teacher tell us. 

The iceman has scales on. . . .wagon. 


The woman has a thimble on.finger. 

The horse has a saddle on.back. 


Policemen have brass buttons on 

i 7 8 


coats. 










SIGNS YOU SEE ON THE STREET 


Drugs 

Lunch Room 
Office 
Dentist 
Entrance 


Restaurant 
Dry Goods 
Furniture 
Police Station 
Exit 


Laundry 
Groceries 
Post Office 
Ticket Office 
Danger 


Physician and Surgeon 
Do not Spit on the Floor 
National Bank 
Help Keep the City Clean 
Fruit and Vegetables 

Money Orders 
Butter and Eggs 
Ticket Office 
Smoking Room 
To Let 

U. S. Mail Box 
For Rent 


Lumber Yard 
Pay as you Enter 
Sash and Door Factory 
Keep Off the Grass 
Look Out for the Cars 

Hardware 
Box Factory 
Waiting Room 
Pull 
Push 

Fire Alarm Box 
Danger 


Home Bakery 
Tea and Coffee 
Information 
No Smoking 
Post No Bills 
Telephone 
For Sale 


Fill the Blanks with the Right Pronouns 


You and I have handkerchiefs in.pockets. 

The man will hear when the teacher speaks to. 

The cow will give good milk if the dairyman gives 

good food and water to. 

The furnace will heat the house if you have a good fire 
in. 

All animals will be kind to you if you are kind to. 

You and I will write our lesson when we hear the teacher 

tell. 


179 








THE PUBLIC LIBRARY 


The city has a public library. There are a great 
many books in the public library. They are not all books 
in English. Some are in other languages. You can get 
books there in your own language. The books in the pub¬ 
lic library are free. You do not have to pay anything for 
reading them. 

There are branches of the public library all over the 
city. The books are brought out from the library to 
these branches, and taken back again after they have 
been read. You go to one of these branch libraries. You 
ask for a library card. You write the name and number 
of the book you want on a slip of paper. Your card is 
then sent to the main library, and the next day you can 
get your book. You can keep the book for two weeks. 
Then you must return it and get another one. 

THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 

The city has a Department of Health. This depart¬ 
ment looks after the health of the people. It sees that 
no garbage is thrown into the alleys to make the people 
sick. It sees that the sewers are kept open so that they 
will carry away the filth from the city. It examines the 
water that is pumped into the city to see that it is good 
for the people to, drink. It examines the milk sold in 
the city to see that it is good, and will not make the chil¬ 
dren sick. It inspects the meat, fish, and all other foods sold 
in the city to see that they are good for the people to eat. 

The department of health looks after contagious diseases. 
Contagious diseases are those that one person will take 
from another who has the disease. Smallpox, scarlet fever, 

180 


measles, diphtheria, and some other diseases will pass 
from one person to another. A well person will take them 
from a sick person. 

When a person has one of these diseases, he should be 
kept away from other people, so that he will not spread the 
disease. Persons who have these diseases are shut up in 
their own houses until they are well. They should not 
try to go out, and thus make others sick. 

The department of health sends doctors to the schools 
to examine the children and see that they do not have 
contagious diseases. If any child has one of these diseases, 
he is sent home so that the other children will not be made 
sick. 

The department of health sends nurses to the schools 
to look after the health of the children. In some cities 
the department of health sends dentists to examine the 
teeth of the children and try to keep them well. 


health 

inspects 

diseases 

dentists 


contagious 

smallpox 

spread 

examine 


scarlet fever 
measles 
diphtheria 
department 


Word Endings 

A baker is a man who bakes. 

A farmer is a man who has a farm. 

A rancher is a man who owns a ranch. 

A storekeeper is a man who keeps a store. 
A gardener is a man who works a garden. 
A teacher is a man or woman who teaches. 
A banker is a man who runs a bank. 

A miller is a man who runs a mill. 

181 


A shepherd is a man who herds sheep. 

A printer is a man who prints papers. 

A shoemaker is a man who makes shoes. 

A plasterer is a man who puts on plaster. 

A painter is a man who paints. 

A bricklayer is a man who lays brick. 

A wringer is a machine that wrings clothes. 

PACKING HOUSES 

In Chicago and other western cities there are packing 
houses. A packing house is a very large building where 
cattle, hogs, and sheep are killed for meat. There are hun¬ 
dreds of men working in these packing houses. Some kill 
the animals, some take off the skin, some cut up the carcass. 
Some make sausage, some can the canned meats, and others 
do other things. When the meat is ready, it is put into 
a large room which is very cold. This keeps the meat 
cool and fresh until it is wanted. The packing houses 
send out wagons which haul the meat to the butchers 
over the city. A great deal of the meat is put into re¬ 
frigerator cars and sent to the smaller cities and towns 
over the country. 

Hundreds of cattle, hogs, and sheep are killed in these 
packing houses every day. They-are brought in by rail¬ 
road. The ranchmen from the ranches load them on the 
cars and send them in. The farmers gather them up, 
put them on stock cars and ship them to the packing 
houses. Many carloads come in every morning. The 
animals are unloaded in the stockyards and driven into 
pens. Very soon men on horses come to these pens and 
buy the stock for the packing houses. Then the animals 
are driven to the place where they are killed. 

182 


BANANAS AND ORANGES 


Bananas grow on banana trees. The banana tree 
grows only in hot countries where the summers are very 
long. Bananas grow in great bunches, 50 to 100 bananas 
in a bunch. Each tree bears but one bunch of bananas 
and then dies ; but new trees grow up from the roots of the 
old ones. The bunches of bananas are cut from the 
tree while the fruit is still green. They are loaded upon 
ships, as you see in 
this picture, and 
sent to the cities to 
sell. They ripen as 
they go, but they 
will not be com¬ 
pletely ripe until 
they reach the fruit 
stands. 

Oranges grow on 
orange trees, like 
apples. Orange 
trees grow only in 
the South where the 
summers are Jong. The oranges are picked while they 
are still green, packed in boxes and shipped. When they 
reach the city they are put in cold rooms where they ripen. 
Then they are sold to the groceries and fruit stands. 
Oranges are grown in California and Florida. 

In what countries do bananas grow? 

When are bananas gathered ? 

In what parts of the United States do oranges grow? 

What other fruits resemble oranges? 

183 

























WRITING A LETTER 


When you write a letter make it look like this: 

i&CU/O, c fit., likaA/gJv 26 , / 6 f 7. 

TVlv. jo (in jon&Qs, 

6-26 Itt&oA ISbOOscLw O/lf,, 
cA&w l/cyi-k,- 

<J kcvo& youn t&tt&o aj At kvivoAoiy 20tk in 'uokiok yon 
aoA WV& to &owv& to cA&ut I/JaiA, conct voovk \sn yonv jao- 
tovy. cf tUo& cA&iao yoik ancL oko'ivtcL k& (jlcbct to yo, (out 
A kwv-& ci A&'iy yooci jotcbo& k&v&. A tkcmk vyoio jov yoiov 
konct ojj&v, (out A tkink it (ot&t to ostcoy k&b&. 

yo'ioVo, v-e/i/u t/inily, 

jconv&o AnvvtA. 


When you address a letter make it look like this. Be 
sure to write the name and address plainly. The stamp 
should be put on the upper right-hand corner. 


From James Smith, 

146 W. Madison St., 
Chicago, HI. 


STAMP 


TYlv. jokn (tcyyi&Qy, 

k-2 6 Ity&at /)\ ocvctiocoy, 
cAeno Ifcyik, 
cA. y. 


184 







AN AX TO GRIND 


Benjamin Franklin tells this story about himself: 

When I was a little boy, I remember one cold winter’s 
morning, I met a smiling man with an ax on his shoulder. 
“ My pretty boy,” said he, “ has your father a grindstone ? ” 
“Yes, sir,” said I. “You are a fine little fellow,” said he. 
“Will you let me grind my ax on it?” I was pleased be¬ 
cause he called me a “fine little fellow,” and answered, 
“ Oh, yes, sir. It is down in the shop.” 

“And will you, my man,” said he, patting me on the head, 
“ will you get me a little hot water?” How could I refuse ? 
I ran and soon brought it to him. 

“How old are you and what’s your name?” said he, 
without waiting for an answer. “I am sure you are one of 
the finest boys I have ever seen. Will you turn the grind¬ 
stone a few minutes for me?” 

I was so pleased with the nice things he said about me 
that I went to work. I turned and turned till I was al¬ 
most tired to death. The school bell rang and I could 
not get away. My hands were blistered and the ax was not 
half ground. 

At last it was sharpened and the man turned to me and 
said, “ Now, you little rascal, you are late to school, you had 
better run.” 

“ Alas!” thought I. “It was hard enough to turn a 
grindstone this cold day, but now to be called a little rascal 
is too much.” 

When I see a man too polite, I say to myself, “He has 
an ax to grind.’ 1 

Who was Benjamin Franklin? 

What does this story teach us? 

185 


GOLD AND SILVER 


Gold and silver are called precious metals. Most of 
our money is made from gold and silver. 

Gold is yellow. Sometimes it is found in little lumps 
called nuggets. Sometimes it is found in little yellow flakes 
called dust in the sand and gravel along a stream. The 
miner puts some of this sand into a pan and fills the pan 
with water. He then washes the sand about in the pan in 
such a way as to gradually throw the water and sand out of 
the pan. The particles of gold are heavy and stay in the 
pan. 

But generally gold is found in quartz. Quartz is a very 
hard white rock. The gold is found in little yellow specks 
all through the hard rock. Before the gold cap be taken 
out the rock has to be crushed and ground into sand. This 
is done by machinery. 

Gold is so precious that only the larger coins are made 
of it. We have $5 gold pieces, $10 gold pieces, and $20 
gold pieces. Now and then you may see a $1 gold piece, 
but it is so small that it is very easy to lose. Watches and 
chains are made of gold ; and much jewelry is made of gold. 

Silver is found in rocks much like gold. Silver is white, 
and is not so precious as gold. We have the silver dollar, 
the silver half-dollar, the silver quarter and the silver dime. 
Watches and chains are made of silver. 

Diamonds are called precious stones. They are found 
in soft rocks in India and in Africa. When they are found 
they are rough and dark, but when they are polished they 
give off the light in many colors. They are very beauti¬ 
ful. The diamond is so hard that it will cut anything ex¬ 
cept another diamond. 


186 


SALT 


We eat salt on all of our food. Our food would not taste 
good without salt. Animals like salt, too. The farmer 
gives salt to his horses, his cows, and his sheep. Pigs and 
poultry do not eat salt. Wild animals will go a long way 
to get a little salt. 

Salt is found in the water of the ocean. Sea water is 
so full of salt that those who cross the ocean cannot drink 
it. They have to take fresh water along with them to 
drink. If you put sea water in a kettle and boil it, by and 
by the water will boil away and some salt will be left in 
the bottom of the kettle. 

In the Rocky Mountains there is a lake whose water 
is very salty. It is called Great Salt Lake. Along the 
shores of this lake the ground is covered with salt. The 
people go and haul the salt away in wagons. 

In California there is a field of salt, like a field of snow 
or ice. Men drive plows over this field and plow up the 
salt. It is then loaded into wagons, and taken away. 

RICE 

Rice is grown only in southern countries where the sun 
shines very hot. The rice plant grows in the water. The 
ground is plowed as if for wheat, and the rice is planted. 
Sometimes it is scattered by hand, and sometimes it is 
planted like corn. Long ditches are dug from the streams 
to the rice fields. Smaller ditches are dug from these so 
as to reach all parts of the field. When the rice has been 
planted the water is turned into these ditches and spreads 
all over the field. The field is kept covered with water 
most of the time until the rice is ripe. 

187 


The rice grains grow much like oat grains. Rice is har¬ 
vested and threshed much like wheat. The outer covering 
of rice grains is brown and is very rough. It is removed 
by pounding, and then the grains are white, as we buy 
them from the grocery stores. 

LUMBERING 

The trees as they stand in the forest are called timber. 
When they have been cut down and sawed into boards they 
are called lumber. We build houses and barns out of lum¬ 



ber. We make furniture from lumber. We make floors 
and doors out of lumber. 

When the trees are to be cut down to make lumber, a 
number of men go into the forest. They have axes and 
long saws with which to cut the trees, and horses to draw 
the logs. Their first work is to build the camp. In a log¬ 
ging camp there are three rude houses built of logs, or very 

188 











rough boards. The first is the blacksmith’s shop, where 
the horses are shod and the tools sharpened and repaired. 
The next is the “mess house,” where the food is cooked and 
where the men eat their meals. The third is the “bunk 
house,” where the men sleep. 

The next work of the men is to lay out roads through 
the forest where the logs can be hauled to some stream. 

Then the men take the axes and saws and cut down 
the trees. They cut off the branches and then saw the 
trees into logs, ten to twenty feet long. These logs are 
then put on sleds and the horses draw them over the road 
to the bank of the stream. 

When the snow melts in the spring the logs are rolled into 
a stream and floated down to the sawmill. But sometimes 
the logs lodge against rocks in the stream or they stop in 
shallow water. Men have to go with them to keep them 
moving. These men are called drivers. They have long 
poles with iron hooks in the end. With these they push 
and pull the logs about and keep them going. 

The sawmill is built at the falls of the river. The fall¬ 
ing water makes the power with which to turn the mill. 
The saws are great, round wheels with teeth on them, and 
they turn very fast. The logs are placed upon low, flat 
cars which move toward the saw. The turning saw quickly 
cuts its way from one end of the log to the other. 

The first board to be cut off is round on one side like the 
tree. This is called a slab. Again and again the log is 
pushed against the saw until it is cut into boards. Then 
the boards are loaded upon boats or cars and shipped to 
the city. 

But the boards as they come from the sawmill are very 
rough. We cannot use them in that way. They must 

189 


be planed. They are sent to the planing mill, where they 
are made smooth, and cut up into pieces the proper size 
and length. 


timber 

camp 

sharpened 

shallow 

lumber 

logging 

repaired 

pushes 

level 

freezes 

planing mill 

floated 

possible 

sleds 

proper 

sawmill 

falling 

quickly 

mess 

lodge 

turning 

slab 

bunk 

rough 


IRON 

Iron is found in mines, but it does not look like iron. 
It looks like red dirt. It is mixed with other things and 
is called iron ore. It is loaded on cars or ore boats and 
taken to the smelting furnace. 

A smelting furnace is like a great tall chimney, or smoke 
stack. Away down in the bottom of the furnace is put a 
layer of coke, or coal, on top of this is put a layer of lime¬ 
stone, and then a layer of iron ore. Then another layer of 
coke, another layer of limestone, and another layer of iron 
ore, and so on up the inside of the furnace. Then the fire 
is lighted at the bottom. A blast of air is driven at the 
bottom to make the coke burn. 

The great heat of the burning coke melts the iron out of 
the ore and it runs down to the bottom of the furnace. 
When it is all melted, a hole is made at the bottom and the 
red-hot iron pours out in a great stream. It runs down a 
large ditch made in the sand and out into smaller ditches 
on both sides of the larger one. When the iron is cooled 
it is taken out of the sand in large rough bars. It is then 
called pig iron. 


190 


Iron is used in foundries. If you are making the parts 
of a stove, or any other object, you first make a mold of 
the part in molder’s sand. Then pig iron is put into a 
furnace and heated until it is melted again. It is then 
drawn oh into large ladles and poured into the mold. When 
it is cooled it will be the part you wanted. These parts are 
called cast iron. 

But cast iron breaks easily. It is brittle like glass. Steel 
is not brittle. Steel is made from iron in a steel mill. Pig 
iron is put into a big kettle. It is heated and melted and 
blasts of air are driven through it, until it is changed into 
steel. It has become tough. It is poured out into molds 
like great big posts of steel. It is heated and passed be¬ 
tween heavy rollers. The steel is rolled out into the shape 
you want it. It may be wires or it may be steel rails for 
street car tracks. Such mills are sometimes called rolling 
mills. 


smelting furnace 

ore 

coke 

blast 

blast furnace 

smelting 

layer 

cooled 

limestone 

foundries 

ladles 

pig iron 

smoke stack 

mold 

poured 

cast iron 

LARGEST IN THE 

WORLD 



Asia is the largest continent in the world. It is larger 
than North America and South America together. 

The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world. 
London is the largest city in the world. London is in 
England. It has over 6,000,000 (six million) people. 

New York is the second largest city in the world. It has 
over 5,000,000 people. 

191 


Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. 
It is one of the Himalaya Mountains, in Asia. 

The Nile River is the longest river in the world. It is 
in Africa. It is 3600 miles long. 

The Amazon Valley is the largest valley in the world. It 
is in South America. 

Lake Superior is the largest lake in the world. 

Texas is the largest state in the United States. Rhode 
Island is the smallest. 


Adverbs 

Which of these words tell how ? 

The woman makes the sewing-machine go very fast. 

The washbasin is made of porcelain and can be cleaned 
easily. 

We should eat our food slowly and chew our food well. 
When putty gets dry it holds the glass in very tight. 
The horse can go very far. Men cannot walk so far. 

Which of these words tell when ? 

The woman will bake bread to-day. 

The firemen put out two fires on Friday. 

The baker does his baking at night. 

Which of these words tell where ? 

The ceiling of the room is above our heads. 

The floor of the room is under our feet. 

Words that tell how, where, or when are used with verbs 
and are called adverbs. 


1 


192 


Adjectives 


Words used with nouns to tell what kind of person or 
thing we are speaking of are called adjectives. Which 
words tell what kind in these sentences? 

Abraham Lincoln was an honest man. 

Columbus came to America in three small ships. 
Electricity makes the brightest light. 

Coal is the best fuel. 

Iron is the most useful metal. 

Horses and cows are domestic animals. 

Bread and meat are good food. 

A dirty garbage can will make the family sick. 

The earth is a great big ball. 

Tailor shops should have plenty of good fresh air. 

The farmer covers the grain with soft earth. 

Present, Past, and Future ' 

When a thing is being done to-day, it is done in present 
time. The verb is said to be in the present tense. 

The woman is washing clothes. 

The grocer sells groceries. 

The farmer is plowing his corn. 

The iceman sells ice by the pound. 

The sun rises in the east. 

When a thing was done yesterday, it was done in the past 
time. The verb is said to be in the past tense. 

The woman washed clothes yesterday. 

The sun rose behind the cloud this morning. 

The sun shone on the earth all day yesterday. 

The dairy man went to the city last night. 

Long I —13 x 93 


When a thing will be done to-morrow, it will be done in 
future time. The verb is said to be in the future tense. 

The policeman will bring your child home to you. 

The United States government will carry your letter to 
your brother. 

If vegetables are not put on ice, they will rot. 

FATHER IS COMING 

The clock is on the stroke of six. 

The father’s work is done ; 

Sweep up the hearth and mend the fire, 

And put the kettle on. 

And we’ll do all that father likes, 

His wishes are so few! 

Would they were more ! that every hour 
Some wish of his I knew ! 

I’m sure it makes a happy day, 

When I can please him anyway. 

I know his coming by this sign; 

The baby’s almost wild ; 

See how he laughs, and crows, and stares, — 
Heaven bless the merry child ! 

His father’s self in face and limb, 

And father’s heart is strong in him. 

Hark ! hark ! I hear his footsteps now — 

He’s through the garden gate; 

Run, little Bess, and ope the door, 

And do not let him wait! 

Shout, baby, shout and clap your hands! 

For father on the threshold stands. 


194 



GEORGE WASHINGTON 

George Washington was born in Virginia. His father 
owned a large farm, and had many horses and negro 
slaves. He lived in a large house with many rooms and 
everything comfortable and pleasant. There were beauti¬ 
ful flowers about the house and large orchards and good 
gardens. 

George went to school. He had good teachers and 
plenty of books. He learned reading, writing, and mathe¬ 
matics. He liked to play with the other boys at school. 
When they played soldier they liked to have him for their 
captain. They called him “ Captain George.” 

When George was sixteen years old he became a sur¬ 
veyor. He had a friend who owned a great tract of forest 
land. He wanted it surveyed so he could sell it to others, 
and he asked young Washington to do the work for him. 
So George took two or three men and went into the woods. 
They slept on the ground, often without even a tent. They 
ate their meals off logs. They met some Indians and 
saw them dance around their camp fires at night. It 
was a hard life, but it did the young man good. 

A few years later, the French people were trying to 
take a great tract of forest land away from Virginia. 
They were building forts along the rivers on lands that be¬ 
longed to Virginia. The governor of Virginia sent George 

i95 









Washington to see these French people and tell them they 
must keep away from Virginia’s land. It was a journey 
of a thousand miles through the forest and over mountains 
where there were no roads. He took a guide and a few 
friends and started on that long hard journey. There 
were Indians in the woods, but he managed to escape them. 
He forded the rivers and climbed the mountains. He 



found the Frenchmen and told them they must leave the 
lands of Virginia. Then he started home again. He 
slept on the frozen ground. At last he got back to Vir¬ 
ginia and told the governor what the Frenchmen had said. 

Then the governor gave him 150 men and told him to 
go back and build a fort on the Ohio River. He was now 
called Colonel Washington. He marched toward the Ohio 
River, but the Frenchmen were marching toward Virginia. 
They met him in the woods. They had a larger army than 
he had. Washington built a fort and fought them off. 
At last he surrendered, but took all of his men back to 
Virginia. 


196 










Then General Braddock came from England to fight 
the French. He marched a large army into the woods. 
Washington was with him. Braddock did not know how 
to fight Indians. They surrounded him in the woods. 
They shot from behind trees and rocks. They killed 
General Braddock and many of his men. But Washington 
knew how to fight Indians. He ordered his men to shoot 
from behind trees and logs. He held the Indians back 
until the English got away. Then Washington marched 
back to Virginia. 

Several years after this, the Americans decided to be free 
from England. They had a great war. George Wash¬ 
ington was made the general of the American armies. 
He fought the English in many battles and at last was 
successful, and America was free. George Washington 
was called the “ Father of his Country.” 

Then the American people wanted a president. All 
the people voted for George Washington. George Wash¬ 
ington was the First President of the United States. He 
went to New York to be president. He went in a coach 
drawn by four horses. All the people came out to see him. 
All the people loved George Washington. He was “ first 
in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his country¬ 
men.” 

George Washington was born on the twenty-second 
day of February. This is why we celebrate Washington’s 
Birthday. 

George Washington lived on the banks of the Potomac 
River. He called his home Mount Vernon. Hundreds 
of people go to Mount Vernon every year to see the place 
where George Washington lived. 


197 


LEAD, TIN, AND COPPER 


Lead is found in mines. It is dug out by miners and 
separated from rocks as silver is. 

Lead is a very soft metal. When it is made into long 
pipes you can bend it in any way you please. The lead 
pipe will not break. 

Lead is a very heavy metal. When we want to say a 
thing is very heavy, we say it is as “ heavy as lead.” Lead 
is used to make bullets for rifles and shot for shot guns. 
Bullets and shot are small and yet they are heavy enough 
to shoot far. Lead is easily melted and you can pour it 
about like water. 

Tin is a very useful metal. It is found in mines, like 
lead. It is harder than lead and can be rolled out into 
thin sheets. It is generally used as a covering for sheet 
iron, to keep the iron from rusting. Our tin cups are sheet 
iron covered with tin. It is used to make cans, buckets, 
and spouting for roofs. 

Copper is found in mines. It is found as copper ore, 
very much like iron. The ore has to be heated and melted 
before we get pure copper. 

Copper is a red metal. It does not rust when it gets 
wet, as iron does. It can be beaten out into broad thin 
strips. These strips are made into kettles, boilers, and 
many smaller vessels. 

Copper can be drawn out into long wire. Copper wire 
will not rust; it will bend easily, but it will not break. 
Copper is a good conductor of electricity. It is used for 
trolley wires, electric light wires, and telephone wires. It 
is used in making pennies and other small coins. There are 
great copper mines in Michigan and other Western States. 

198 


GEORGE WASHINGTON AND HIS HATCHET 

When George Washington was a little boy his father 
gave him a new hatchet. George was so proud of it that 
he went about cutting everything he could find. Mr. 
Washington had a cherry tree that bore very fine fruit. 
He was very fond of this tree and took great care of it. 

When young George came to the cherry tree he did 
not stop to think how much his father loved it. He 
chopped and chopped until he had cut the tree down. 

When Mr. Washington saw that some one had killed his 
favorite cherry tree he was very angry. He asked every 
one he saw who had done it, for he wanted to punish him. 
No one knew anything about it. 

But when he came to George the boy hung his head 
for a second, but quickly looked up. “I # can’t tell a lie, 
father,” he said, “I can’t tell a lie. I did it with my 
little hatchet.” 

The father was no longer angry. “ Come to my arms, my 
boy,” he said. “I would rather have you tell me the truth 
than to have twenty such cherry trees.” 

TAXES 

The city pays the policemen for taking care of the 
lives and property of the people. The city pays the fire¬ 
men for putting out the fires that get started and keep¬ 
ing our houses from burning up. The city pays the men 
who pave the streets and keep them hard and smooth 
for our wagons. The city pays the men who work in the 
parks and make them pleasant places for the people to 
play in. The city pays the teachers who teach us and our 
children to read and write English. 

199 


The city must have money to pay the men and women 
who work for us. The city gets its money from the people 
of the city. Every one who owns a house and lot, or a store, 
or a factory has to pay money to the city to help keep the 
city clean and healthy and pleasant. The money you 
pay to the city is called taxes. Every one should pay his 
taxes. 

The United States government has to have money to 
pay mail carriers and other men who do the work of the 
government. Most of the money for the United States 
government comes from taxes on goods that are shipped 
into this country from other countries. If you buy silk 
from France, tea from China, or coffee from Brazil, you 
have to pay some money to the United States government 
before you can land the goods in this country. 

FEATHERS, FUR, AND CLOTHING 

Birds have feathers. The feathers are all over the 
bodies of the birds. They keep the birds warm. The long 
feathers in the wings help the birds to fly. 

Animals have hair. The hair covers the body of the 
animal and keeps it warm. When the hair of the animal 
is thick and soft it is called fur. Men and women some¬ 
times use the fur of animals to keep them warm. They 
take the skin with the hair on and wear it as furs. They 
take the skin with the hair off and make shoes or gloves 
to wear. They take the hair, or wool, of sheep and weave 
it into cloth to make clothing. Men do not have either 
feathers or fur to keep them warm. The skin of man is 
bare, but he knows how to make clothing to keep himself 
warm. 


200 


* 

RAILROAD TRAINS 

When you travel from one city to another you go by 
railroad train. You buy a ticket at the railroad station. 
The ticket tells what station you start from and what 
station you want to go to. When the train comes, the 
conductor calls, “ All 
aboard,” and you 
walk up the steps 
into one of the cars. 

When the train starts 
the conductor takes 
your ticket and you 
ride to the place 
where you want 
to get off. 

The train is drawn 
by an engine. The 
engine is run by 
steam, and goes very 
fast. Sometimes a 
railroad train runs 
60 miles an hour. 

The water is put 
into the boiler of the 
engine and the fire is built in the fire-box under the 
boiler. The coal for the engine fire is carried in a 
small car, or tender, just behind the engine. The man 
who runs the engine is called the engineer, and the man who 
shovels the coal and keeps up the fire is called the fireman. 

The train is made up of cars. The first one behind the 
tender is the baggage car, where the trunks and other bag- 



201 








































gage belonging to the passengers are carried. Then comes 
the express car, where packages sent by express are carried. 
Sometimes there is a mail car, where mail is carried. Then 
come the day coaches, which have only seats for the pas¬ 
sengers to sit in. Some trains have sleeping cars, where you 
can go to bed and sleep while the train carries you along. 
Some trains have a dining car, where you can get your 
meals as you travel. 


OCEAN STEAMERS 



When you cross the ocean or a lake you have to go 
by ship. Ships were once driven by the wind. Large 
sails were spread out on high poles, called masts, and 
the wind blowing against these drove the ship along over 
the water. The ships of Columbus were driven by the wind. 
In those days the ship had to wait for the wind. If the 
wind did not blow the ship would not go. 

But in these days most ships are run by steam. They 
are called steamships, or steamers. The ship has a great 
engine and carries large amounts of coal to make the steam. 
There is a large screw, called a propeller, at the end of the 


202 









ship. The engine makes the screw turn, and this turning 
in the water drives the ship along. 

There are many rocks and low places along the coasts. 
If the wind should drive a ship upon one of these, it would 
be broken to pieces and all the passengers be drowned. 
So the different countries keep lighthouses upon these 
places to guide the ships at night. 

CITY COURTS 

The city has courts. If you do not obey the ordinances 
of the city, the policeman will arrest you, and take you to 
one of these courts. The judge of the court sits at a high 
desk. It is called the bench. He will hear the officer 
tell what you did. He will hear you tell why you did it, 
or what some one did to you. The judge hears both sides 
of the case, and then decides whether he will punish you, or 
let you go. 

In this country you can always have a jury trial. That 
is, the judge will not decide your case, but you can have 
twelve men chosen to decide it for you. These twelve men 
are called the jury. They sit on chairs on one side of 
the court room. They hear what you have to say about 
the case. Sometimes there are others who can tell some¬ 
thing about the case. These tell what they know. All 
those who tell anything about the case are called wit¬ 
nesses. What they tell is called testimony. When all the 
witnesses for both sides have testified, the jury goes into 
another room and decides whether the person is guilty or 
not guilty. 

If you are to be a witness before a court, you must take an 
oath to tell “the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but 

203 


the truth,” and you call upon God to witness that you do so. 
If you do not tell the truth, you can be punished. The 
city has courts to try men who do not obey the city ordi¬ 
nances. The state has courts to try men who do not 
obey the laws of the state. The United States has courts 
to try men who do not obey the laws of the United States. 

VOTING 

Every one who was born in this country, and who is 
twenty-one years old, can vote for the officers who govern 
us. You first have to go to the polling place, and give your 
name and address to a person who writes them in a book. 
This is called registering. You must register so that the 
officers of the election may know who has the right to 
vote. 

When election day comes you go again to the polling 
place. There are three officers in charge of the election: 
the judge of election, and two clerks. You tell your name 
to the judge, and the clerks look at the books to see if 
you are registered. If they find your name on the books, 
the judge gives you a paper with the names of all the 
men who are running for office on it. This paper is called 
a ballot. Men who are running for office are candidates. 

You take your ballot into the election booth, and you 
make a cross mark like this, X, before the name of each 
person you wish to vote for. In this booth you are alone, 
and no on knows who you want to vote for. Then you 
fold the paper so that the names of the candidates will be 
on the inside, and take it back to the judge of the election. 
He puts your ballot into the ballot-box, and the clerks 
check your name on the book. 

204 


When the time allowed for voting has passed, the ballot- 
box is opened and the ballots are counted. The candidate 
who gets the largest number of votes is elected. 

If you were not born in this country you have to be 
naturalized before you can vote. You have to go before 
a clerk of a United States Court and take out your First 
Papers. In these papers you say you want to be a citizen 
of the United States, and that you do not want to be a 
citizen of any other country. Two years after that you 
have to go before a judge of the United States Court, and 
take out your Second Papers. This time you have to show 
that you can read and write English and that you know 
something about how this country is governed. Then 
you are declared to be a citizen of this country, and you 
can vote. 

POTATOES AND TOBACCO 

The Indians showed the white men how to grow to¬ 
bacco and how to use it. 

The Indians smoked it either in a roll, like a cigar, or 
in a pipe. When the white men first saw the Indians 
smoking they called it“drinking tobacco.” 

Sir Walter Raleigh was the first Englishman to smoke 
tobacco. One day after he had come back from a voyage 
to America, he was sitting in his house smoking his pipe. 
His servant came in, and thinking his master was on fire, 
seized a pitcher of water and threw it all over him. 

Sir Walter Raleigh also taught the world to eat potatoes. 
He found the Indians using them and took some to his 
farm in Ireland. He planted them and they grew well 
and were soon raised all over Ireland. That is why they 
are called Irish potatoes. 


205 


CLOUDS 


Clouds are water in the form of vapor held high in 
the air. If you will watch your teakettle when it is on 
the fire, you will see steam coming out of the spout. You 
cannot see the steam just at the spout, but only when it 
is a little way from the spout. When steam gets a little 
cool, you can see it. It is then vapor. 

When the woman hangs clothes on the line they become 
dry. The water that is in them is taken up into the 
air. When a pond of water stands for some time it will 
dry up. Some of the water sinks into the earth, but most 
of it is taken up into the air, in the form of vapor. The 
water is said to evaporate. 

Whenever water stands open to the air it evaporates. 

There is always water in the air. It comes from the 
lakes; it comes from the ocean; it comes from the rivers; 
it comes from the ponds. 

Warm air will take up more vapor than cold air. That 
is why the streets dry faster in summer than in winter. 
Most of the time you cannot see the vapor in the air. It 
is only when it gets cool away up in the air that it forms 
clouds, and you can see it. 

When the clouds get cool enough the water forms in 
drops and falls through the air. Then it is rain. The 
water falls on the ground, runs into the stream, the lakes, 
or ocean, and is again taken up into the air to form more 
clouds and more rain. 

Hail is frozen drops of rain. Snow is frozen vapor. 
Dew is vapor on the grass and plants. Frost is frozen dew. 

vapor teakettle stream frozen 

evaporate ocean frost spout 


206 


INSECTS 


There are a great many insects in the world. Some of 
them are useful to man and some of them are harmful to 
him. Some insects live on trees and other plants. Some 
live in the ground and some live in the water. 

Butterflies 

There are a great many butterflies, or moths, in the 
world. Some of them are very beautiful as they fly 
about from plant to plant. The butterfly, or moth, does 
not live long because it does not eat anything. It lays its 
egg on the bark or leaf of a tree, and then dies. When the 
eggs hatch they are caterpillars. The caterpillars eat the 
leaves of trees and plants. They eat so much that they 
sometimes kill the plants. When the caterpillar is old 
enough he spins a web about himself and shuts himself in 
it. This web house of his is called a cocoon. He lives 
in this house all winter, and in the spring comes out a 
butterfly. 


Cockroaches 

Cockroaches, or roaches, live on decayed wood, wet 
rags, or garbage. They always stay in dark places. You 
can get rid of them by keeping the sink dry, and never 
leaving any wet rags or garbage about the house. 

Honeybees 

The honeybee gathers honey from the flowers and car¬ 
ries it to his hive. In his hive he builds a comb of little 
holes, or cells, and puts the honey in them. The eggs 

207 


are also laid in these cells, and the honey is for the little 
bees to eat when they are hatched. But the bee is a very 
good worker and often has more honey than the little bees 
need. So we can take some of it, and not starve the baby 
bees. The bee is the most useful insect. 

Grasshoppers 

A grasshopper has six legs. The four in front are short, 
but the two legs behind are very long and strong. That 
is why he can jump so far. Grasshoppers sit about on 
the grass. When winter comes most of them die, but a 
few get into the ground and live. 

Ants 

Ants live in holes in the ground or under the bark of old 
logs or trees. These holes are their houses and they lay 
their eggs in them. Ants work very hard getting food 
into these houses for the littles ones to live upon in the 
winter. 

House Flies 

The common house fly is the most harmful of all the 
insects. He lays his eggs in the dirtiest and filthiest 
places he can find; on the bodies of dead animals, in piles 
of manure about the barn, in garbage, in any dirty place. 
When the eggs are hatched they are little white worms, 
called maggots, and they live on the filth in which they 
are hatched. 

The fly has six legs. They are all covered with hairs, 
and carry a great deal of filth around with them. The 
fly walks about on these filthy places. He walks about 
on the cakes and pies and even into the butter and milk. 
He walks on the baby’s face, tickles the baby’s nose, and 

208 


walks over our hands and faces. All the filth that the fly 
has on his feet he brings into the house and leaves on the 
food he walks over. The fly is the dirtiest of all insects. 

The fly carries diseases. There are germs of disease 
in these filthy places. They stick to the feet of the fly 
and he carries them to our hands and faces. He gives 
these diseases to us and to the baby. Thus the fly makes 
us sick, and sometimes the baby dies. The fly is a very 
dangerous insect and you should kill every one you can. 

All the windows and doors should be screened in sum- 
mer to keep out the fly. All garbage should be kept 
covered and removed as soon as possible. The alleys 
should be kept clean, so that they will not be breeding 
places for flies. Have fly traps hung at the kitchen door 
to catch the flies. Kill every fly you can. Swat the fly. 


FISHES 

Fishes live in water. Their bodies are long and slender 
and they swim easily. They swim by moving their fins 
and tails. Fishes do not have lungs like a man. They 
do not breathe air. Fishes have gills. As the water 
runs over these gills it makes the fish’s blood pure just 
as the air in the lungs of a man makes his blood pure. When 
fishes are thrown out of the water they die, because they 
cannot breathe air. When a man is thrown into the 
water he dies, because he cannot breathe water. 

Fishes lay eggs. A fish will lay a large number of eggs 
in one place in the water. But a fish does not sit on her 
eggs to hatch them as a bird does. The warm water hatches 
them and then the little fishes swim away. 

Long I —14 209 


One of the best fishes for food is the cod. Codfishes 
are found in great numbers in the shallow waters along the 
coast of Newfoundland. Men go out in boats, and catch 
thousands of them, dry them or put them down in salt, 
and sell them for food. 

Another good fish is the salmon. It is found in the 
Columbia River, and in other places. It lays its eggs 
in the shallow waters of the river, and will jump over 
high falls to get up stream. Men catch these fishes by the 
hundreds and put them up in tin cans to sell. 

Fishes may be caught with hooks and lines, or in seines. 

OYSTERS 

The oyster is called a shellfish. It is not a fish at all; but 
it has a shell on it. The oyster does not swim about as a 
fish does, but stays in one place stuck to a stone, or a stick, 
or another oyster shell. Oysters grow in shallow water along 
the shores of gulfs or bays. The water must be salt, but 
it must also be quiet. 

Oysters have big families. In one year, an oyster will 
produce a million young ones. The young oysters are 
very small, and are called “ spats.” At first the little 
ones drift about in the water, but they soon take hold of 
something and stick. 

Oyster raising is called oyster farming. A man who has 
a good place along the shore will cover the bottom of the 
bay with stones, or oyster shells, or wooden trays. Then 
the spats are put in. In a short time they have all fastened 
themselves to something and begun to grow. 

Lobsters are caught in a box of lath, sunk in the water. 
The head of a fish is used for bait. The box is called a 
lobster pot. 


210 


LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 


Water is a liquid. You can pour it from one cup to 
another. It will run in streams over the ground. Milk 
is a liquid. You can pour it from the bottle into the pitcher 
and from the pitcher into the cups. Liquids are wet. 

We measure liquids by liquid measure. 

2 pints make one quart. 

4 quarts make one gallon. 

Potatoes are dry things. Apples are dry things. We 
measure dry things by dry measure. 

8 quarts make one peck. 

4 pecks make one bushel. 

Wood is a solid. You cannot pour wood. Wood will 
keep its shape. Coal is a solid. Coal will keep its shape. 
Ice is solid water. A block of ice will keep its shape. We 
measure most solids by the pound. 

16 ounces make one pound. 

2000 pounds make one ton. 

Names of Young Animals 

A young cow is called a calf. 

A young horse is called a colt. 

A young sheep is called a lamb. 

A young hog is called a pig. 

A young dog is called a pup. 

A young cat is called a kitten. 

A young bear is called a cub. 

A young deer is called a fawn. 


211 


A young eagle is called an eaglet. 

A male goose is called a gander. 

A young goose is called a gosling. 

A male duck is called a drake. 

A young duck is called a duckling. 

A male chicken is called a rooster. 

A female chicken is called a hen. 

A male turkey is called a gobbler. 

THE SUN, MOON, AND STARS 

The sun is a great ball of fire. It is so hot that it makes 
the earth warm when it shines upon it. It is so light that 
it makes the earth light. The sun is very far away from the 
earth. It gives light all the time, but one side of the earth 
is always turned away from it. That side of the earth does 
not get the light. The side of the earth which is turned 
away from the sun always has night. 

The moon is a small ball. It is very near to the earth. 
It is not hot, and it has no light of its own. It gets its 
light from the sun. We see the moon only at night. It 
sometimes shines in the day, but we cannot see it because 
the sun is so much brighter than the moon. 

The stars are in the sky all the time, but we cannot see 
them in the day. The sun is too bright. Some of the 
stars are suns, but they are so very far away that they look 
very small. There is one bright star that is always in the 
same place. It is called the North Star. Sailors guide 
their ships by the North Star. There are seven bright 
stars in the sky which look like a dipper with a handle 
on it. The two stars which make the end of the dipper 
point toward the North Star. 


212 


There is a bright path across the sky which looks as 
though some one had spilled milk upon it. It is called 
the “milky way.” It is made up of many, many little 
stars. 

Twinkle, twinkle, little star! 

How I wonder what you are! 

Up above the earth so high, 

Like a diamond in the sky. 

CRANBERRIES 

Cranberries grow on low bushes. These bushes need 
a great deal of water and grow only in swampy or marshy 
land. A cranberry field is called a cranberry bog. Some¬ 
times the fields have ditches dug in them so that the water 
can be turned on and flood the field. They used to be 
called “craneberries” because the blossom looks like the 
neck and head of a crane. 

Cranberries are gathered in September and October. 
The berries are picked by hand, put in barrels, and shipped. 
Cranberries grow in Massachusetts and New Jersey. 

PEANUTS 

Peanuts grow in the ground. In some places they are 
called ground nuts, or ground peas. The nuts are planted 
and grow up into a small plant, or vine. When the blossoms 
come the stalks bend over and push themselves into the 
earth. It is on these stalks that the peanuts grow. When 
the peanuts are ripe they are plowed out of the ground, 
cleaned, and sold. Before they are eaten they are roasted. 

Some of them are made into oil, and some into peanut 
butter. Peanuts grow only in the South. 

213 


STATES OF THE UNITED STATES 

There are forty-eight states in the United States : 

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Con¬ 
necticut, and Rhode Island are called the New England 
States. There are many factories in New England. 

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary¬ 
land, Virginia, and West Virginia are the Middle Atlantic 
States. New York is called the Empire State. New York 
city is in New York state. There are coal mines and iron 
mills in Pennsylvania. Philadelphia is in Pennsylvania. 

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida 
are the South Atlantic States. These states raise cotton. 
South Carolina grows rice, and Florida grows oranges. 

Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas are the Gulf 
States. They all grow cotton. Texas is also a cattle state. 
New Orleans is in Louisiana. 

Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Mich¬ 
igan, and Wisconsin are the Central States east of the 
Mississippi River. They are all in the Mississippi Valley, 
and all grow corn and raise cattle and hogs. Arkansas 
is a cotton state. Minnesota and the two Dakotas are 
wheat states. Minneapolis is in Minnesota, and St. Louis 
is in Missouri. 

New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyo¬ 
ming, Montana, and Idaho are the Rocky Mountain States. 
Most of them have mines of gold or silver. Denver is in 
Colorado. Salt Lake Citv is in Utah. 

California, Oregon, and Washington are the Pacific 
States. California is a great fruit state. Oregon and 
Washington are wheat states. San Francisco is in Cal¬ 
ifornia. Seattle is in Washington. 

214 


ABBREVIATIONS 


We do not always write the full name of a state. We 
abbreviate it. That is, we write a part of the name and 
let that stand for the whole name. These are the ab¬ 
breviations for the names of the states : 


Me. 

Maine 

Miss. 

Mississippi 

N. H. 

New Hampshire 

Fa. 

Louisiana 

Vt. 

Vermont 

Tex. 

Texas 

Mass. 

Massachusetts 

Tenn. 

Tennessee 

Conn. 

Connecticut 

Ky. 

Kentucky 

R. I. 

Rhode Island 

0 . 

Ohio 

N. Y. 

New York 

Ind. 

Indiana 

N. J. 

New Jersey 

Ill. 

Illinois 

Penn. 

Pennsylvania 

Mich. 

Michigan 

Del. 

Delaware 

Wis. 

Wisconsin 

Md. 

Maryland 

Minn. 

Minnesota 

Va. 

Virginia 

Ark. 

Arkansas 

W. Va. 

West Virginia 

Okla. 

Oklahoma 

N. C. 

North Carolina 

Mo. 

Missouri 

S. C. 

South Carolina 

Iowa 

Iowa 

Ga. 

Georgia 

Kan. 

Kansas 

Fla. 

Florida 

Neb. 

Nebraska 

Ala. 

Alabama 

S. D. 

South Dakota 

Ariz. 

Arizona 

N. D. 

North Dakota 

N. M. 

New Mexico 

Utah 

Utah 

Nev. 

Nevada 

Colo. 

Colorado 

Wyo. 

Wyoming 

Mont. 

Montana 

Idaho 

Idaho 

Cal. 

California 

Ore. 

Oregon 

Wash. 

Washington 


U. S.A. United States of America 

215 


THE ANT AND THE GRASSHOPPER 


A Fable 

Once upon a time an ant and a grasshopper lived in the 
same field. The ant was busy all day carrying seeds and 
grains to its nest for food in the winter. 

The grasshopper sat on the grass in the sun and sang 
all day. One day the grasshopper said to the ant, “Why 
do you work all the time? Come and play with me.” 

But the ant said, “If I should play now, what would I 
have to eat next winter?” 

“It is not winter yet,” said the grasshopper. “There 
is plenty to eat.” And he hopped away to sing and play. 

When the cold winter came the grasshopper could find 
nothing to eat. He went to the ant and said, “I have 
nothing to eat. I am starving. Will you not give me some 
food?” 

The ant said, “What did you do all summer?” 

“I sang,” said the grasshopper. 

“You sang!” said the ant, “well, now you may dance.” 
And he went away to feed his young ones. 

OCCUPATIONS 

What you do to earn money is called your occupation, 
or your business. One man is a blacksmith, another is a 
carpenter, another is a bricklayer, another works in a ma¬ 
chine shop. He is a machinist. These and many others 
are occupations. The money you get for your work is 
called your wages. One man earns $2 a day. Another 
gets $15 a week. The man you work for is your em¬ 
ployer. 


216 


If you have a store, you are a merchant and the goods 
you buy and sell are called merchandise. The person who 
buys goods from you is called a customer. If you have 
persons working for you, selling the goods to your customers, 
they are salesmen or clerks. 

The person who takes your money and gives you your 
change is the cashier. Money is called cash. When you 
buy goods and have the merchant send them to your house, 
they are said to be delivered. Many stores have delivery 
wagons to deliver the goods they sell. 

When goods are sent to be paid for when they are de¬ 
livered, they are sent C. O. D. (cash on delivery). When 
you buy a thing you may be said to purchase it. 

When you buy goods the merchant gives you a bill. 
This shows you what articles you bought, what you paid 
for each one, and what you are to pay for them all. When 
you pay that bill, you should get a receipt. That is, the 
merchant should write the word “Paid” on the bill and sign 
his name. 

Here is the most common form of bill. 

Chicago, Ill., March 3, 1915. 

Charles Wudeck, 

Bought of Central Hardware Co., 


1 saw. $2.25 

1 chisel. 75 

1 hammer. I - 5 ° 

$ 4 - 5 ° 


Received payment, 

Central Hardware Co. 

What is a bill ? 

What is a receipt? 

If you pay by check the check will be your receipt. 

217 






PONCE DE LEON 


The Indians of the West India Islands told the Spaniards 
that there was a wonderful fountain in a land to the north. 
They said that if an old man should bathe in that fountain 
he would at once become a boy again. 

Ponce de Leon was getting old and he wanted to be young. 
He wanted to be a boy always. So he set out to find this 
fountain of youth. He hunted about among the islands 
in his ships, but his hair kept getting grayer and his face 
more wrinkled. He was getting older very fast. 

BALBOA 

Balboa was a Spaniard who went to Cuba. A ship 
was sailing to the Isthmus of Panama, and Balboa wished 
to go there. But the captain would not take him. They 
were taking on a number of barrels, and Balboa got a friend 
to nail him up in one of them. He was rolled on board the 
ship and when he was well out to sea, the barrel was opened 
and he jumped out. 


218 

















At the Isthmus, Balboa heard Indians tell about a great 
sea to the south. He took a small army of men and started 
out to find it. He traveled for many days through the deep 
forest and then climbed the steep mountains. When at 
last he reached the top, he looked out upon the great water. 
Balboa had discovered the Pacific Ocean. 

DE SOTO 

De Soto was a Spaniard who came to Cuba. He wanted 
to find gold. He took a great army of men and went to 
Florida. He then marched through the woods to find 
the gold mines. He had a great drove of hogs with him, 
so that his soldiers could kill them for meat as they needed it. 

He marched on and on through the forest, but he did 
not find gold. Many of his men were killed by the Indians, 
and many more died of disease. At last he came to a river 
that was more than a mile wide. The Indians told him it 
was the Mississippi, or Great River. Thus De Soto discov¬ 
ered the largest river in North America. He marched up 
the river. He had many fights with the Indians. They did 
not want the white men to stay in their country. De Soto 
took sick and died. His men did not want the Indians to 
get his body. So they buried him at night in the Missis¬ 
sippi, the great river he had discovered. 

SQUANTO 

Squanto was an Indian. He was a friend of the Pil¬ 
grims. All his family were dead and he lived with the 
white men at Plymouth. The Pilgrims did not know how 
to plant corn. Corn was an Indian plant. The white 
men had never seen it till th°v came to America. Squanto 

219 


showed them how to plant corn. He told them to put a 
small fish in each hill of corn so that it would grow better. 
The Pilgrims did as he told them and they had a good crop 
the first year. Thus the Pilgrims had food to eat. 

Squanto was a good friend of the Pilgrims. 

SUBTRACTION 

When we take one number away from another we say 
we subtract the one number from the other. The process 
is called subtraction. The sign —, called minus, is the 
sign of subtraction. Thus 5—3=2 is read five minus 
three equals two. The number that is left is called the 
remainder. 

10 — 2 = 8 

10-3 = 7 

Subtract: 

12 12 

_3 

12 12 

_§ _9 

Add: 

6 4 

7 9 

5 6 

3 I 

9 2 

7 4 

2 6 

3 5 


10 — 

4 = 6 

10 — 

6 = 4 

10 — 

8 = 2 

10 — 

5 = 5 

10 — 

r-O 

II 

t". 

10 — 

9 = 1 


12 

12 

12 


12 


_4 

_5 

_6 


_7 

12 

8 

9 

7 

IO 

1 

IO 

4 

5 

3 

JL 


8 

6 

9 

4 

5 

i 

4 

7 

4 

7 

7 


9 

9 

3 

3 

4 


7 

3 

4 

8 

9 

1 

4 

9 


$4.25 



5 

2 


3 - 5 ° 



8 

7 


2-75 




9 £ 

220 



MULTIPLICATION 


When we take one number a certain number of times, 
we say we multiply the one number by the other. The 
process is called multiplication. The cross mark X is 
the sign of multiplication. Thus 2X4 = 8 is read two 
times four equals eight. 

Multiply: . 


3x6 

4X8 

7 X5 

7 X 9 

4X7 

6 X5' 

6x9 

8 x8 

3X9 

8 X 3 

8x2 

8X9 


Order of Words 

When a sentence makes a statement the words follow 
each other in a certain order. The noun is usually first 
and the verb follows it. 

The man has a hat on his head. 

But when a sentence asks a question the order of the 
words is changed. The verb is usually first and the noun 
follows it. 

Has the man a hat on his head ? 

The woman is sewing on a sewing-machine. 

Is the woman sewing on a sewing-machine? 

The horse and the cow are man’s best friends. 

Are the horse and the cow man’s best friends? 

The city takes care of the health of the people. 

Does the city take care of the health of the people? 

Miners have little lamps in their caps. 


221 


POSSESSION 


When a thing belongs to you, you have possession of 
it. To make a noun show possession you add the apostro¬ 
phe and the letter s to the ordinary form (’s). 

This book belongs to the boy. 

This is the boy’s book. 

The coat belongs to the man. 

This is the man’s coat. 

That desk belongs to the woman. 

That is the woman’s desk. 

The boy has a new coat. 

The boy’s coat is new. 

The policeman wears a blue uniform. 

The policeman’s uniform is blue. 

The blacksmith works with a large hammer. 

The blacksmith’s hammer is a large one. 

The collar is worn around the neck of the man. 

The collar is worn around the man’s neck. 

The saddle is put on the back of the horse. 

The saddle is put on the horse’s back. 

Pronouns do not add the apostrophe and “ s” to show 
possession. 

That hat belongs to me. 

That is my hat. 

This knife belongs to you. 

This is your knife. 


222 


This ribbon belongs to her. 

This is her ribbon. 

The drug store is owned by him. 

That is his drug store. 

The hood is on the head of the baby. 

The baby wears a hood on its head. 

We go to evening school. 

It is our evening school. 

The man and the woman live in that house. 

That is their house. 

This is my book. It is mine. 

Whose book is this? Yours. 

THE ELEPHANT 

An elephant is a very large animal. He has a long nose 
called a trunk and two long tusks. He uses his trunk to 
gather food and put it into his mouth. We get ivory from 
the tusks of elephants. 

Elephants can carry heavy loads. They wrap their 
trunks about a log and carry it where it is wanted. Some¬ 
times men put harness on elephants and make them haul 
great loads. Sometimes men ride on elephants. They put 
a sort of house on their great backs and then climb a 
ladder up into it. The elephant can go very fast. 


223 


THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER 

Oh, say can you see, by the dawn’s early light, 

What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming, 
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous 
fight, 

O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly stream¬ 
ing? 

And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air, 

Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. 
Oh, say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave 
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave? 

Oh! thus be it ever when freemen shall stand 

Between their loved home and wild war’s desolation; 
Blest with victory and peace, may the heaven-rescued land 
Praise the power that hath made and preserved us a na¬ 
tion. 

Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, 

And this be our motto, “ In God is our trust! ” 

And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave 
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 


224 

















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